Mahmoud Abu-Samak

Sign In

Mahmoud Abu-Samak

ASUApplied Science Private University - Home PagePharmacyMahmoud Abu-SamakResearch

Research

Allometry of Postnatal Rat Brain Development Prenatally Exposed to Aspirin

Authors : Khalid Al-Qaisi, Ali Elkarmi , Esam Qoneis , Lubna Tahtamouni and Mahmoud Abu-Samak

Abstract : A total of 200 rat pups starting from the first week after birth until the fifth week were used to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to aspirin at doses of 12.5, 25 and 37.5 mg kg-1 on the postnatal development of brain parts. Cerebrum and cerebellum length and width were measured in addition to brain and body weights and allometric relationships between these parameters were calculated. The results indicated that all relationships were allometric with noticeable differences between all aspirin treated groups and the control group. These differences indicate that aspirin has an effect on the development of the examined brain parts mainly on the cerebellum length and width.

Keywords : Allometry, brain, Aspirin , rat, pregnancy

Biochemical Investigation of the Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA) Induced Mammary Cancer in Female Albino Rats

Authors : Moayad Khataibeh, Mahmoud Abu- Samak and Naheed Banu

Abstract : Abstract: The study was designed to investigate the pre and post chemoprotection of garlic on 7, 12-dimethylbenz[α]anthrance (DMBA) induced mammary cancer in female albino rats. Animals (hundred rats) where equally divided into five groups, (twenty rats each). Group I: each rat received 1 mL of 0.1% saline daily for twenty days. Group II: received 1 mL of 0.1% saline given orally once a day for twenty days prior to DMBA infusion (30 mg kg -1) and these rats served as controls (cancer control) for group III. Group III : were pre treated with garlic prior to DMBA infusion. Group IV: received 1 mL of 0.1% saline given orally once a day for twenty days after DMBA infusion and these rats served as cancer control for group V. Group V: Post treated with garlic after DMBA infusion. Biochemical measurement were carried out on liver tissues and serum of experimental animals. Circulating levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT) and Glutamate Pyrovate Transaminase (GPT) were elevated, while the activities of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were reduced in liver tissues in DMBA infused rats as compared to normal. Garlic treatment altered the above mentioned biochemical parameters towards normal values. Present findings indicate that garlic got both pre and post effect on DMBA infused rats, where post treatment is more effective.

Keywords : DMP, cancer, garlic , mammary , albino rats

Combined supplementation of soy and garlic modulate biochemical parameters of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene induced mammary cancer in female albino rats

Authors : Moayad Khataibeh 1, Khalid Abu-Alruz, Omar Al-Widyan, Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Jafar Al-Qudah

Abstract : The study was designed to investigate the chemoprotective effect of Combined Supplementation of soy and garlic on 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthrance (DMBA) induced mammary cancer in female Albino rats. Animals (eighty rats) where equally divided into four groups, (twenty rats each). Group I: each rat received 1 mL of 0.1% saline daily for twenty days. Group II: received 1 mL of 0.1% saline given orally once a day for twenty days after DMBA infusion (30 mg kg-1) and these rats served as controls (cancer control) for groups III and IV. Group III: were post treated with garlic after Infusion with DMBA. Group IV: Treated with Combined Supplementation of Soy and Garlic after DMBA infusion. Biochemical measurement were carried out on liver tissues and serum of experimental animals. Circulating levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyrovate transaminase (GPT) were elevated, while the activities of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were reduced in liver tissues in DMBA infused rats as compared to normal. Combined Supplementation of Soy and Garlic treatment altered the above mentioned biochemical parameters towards normal values. Present findings indicate that combined supplementation of soy and garlic got more marked effect on DMBA infused rats as compared to a group of rats received only garlic treatment.

Keywords : cancer, soy , garlic , mammary , albino rats

Effects of Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone on Serum Levels of Thyroid Hormones in Short-term Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

Authors : Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Moayad Khataibeh and Aurelia Crevoi

Abstract : The changes induced by MSH after short-term alloxan -induced diabetes mellitus on both male and female Sprague Dawley rat’s serum T4 and T3 were evaluated. Serum hormones were determined by specific radioimmunoassays and short-term diabetes mellitus induction was carried out by daily injection of 20 mg alloxan solution/100 g body weight intraperitonially for 10 days. Mean serum T4 was significantly decreased to 11.044±2.588 nmol L-1 and serum T3 to 0.132±0.0137 nmol L-1 in diabetic rats. After 10 days with daily injection of alpha-MSH at a dose of 2 μg/100 g body weight, serum T4 increased significantly up to 82.557±25.815 nmol L-1 and serum T3 increased up to : 1.027±0.311 nmol L-1. The results can be explained by the role of the Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone in the peripheral regulation of thyroid function and that it may act as a mediator of hyperglycemia effects on the HPT axis.

Keywords : MSH, Thyroid, diabetes, alloxan, rats,RIA

Effects of Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone on Plasma Levels of Testosterone and Estradiol Hormones in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Authors : Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Fahmi Mahmoud , Moayad Khataibeh , Suhail Hamdan and Aurelia Crevoi

Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the effects of Melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH on serum testosterone T and estradiol E2 hormones concentrations in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Eighty male and female Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 180-200 g, were divided into four groups of normal rats and four groups of alloxan-induced diabetic rats were given intraperitonially (i.p.) a daily injection of 20 mg alloxan solution/100 g of body weight for 10 days. Two groups, male and female from the normal and 2 diabetic groups served as controls and did not inject with MSH 2 groups, male and female from the normal rats and 2 groups from the diabetic rats injected (i.p) daily with MSH at a dose of 2-microg/100 g of body weight, for 10 days. The control group was only injected with the same volume of normal saline. Serum glucose concentrations were higher and serum insulin, testosterone and estradiol concentrations were lower in diabetic rats than those in the control groups. MSH administration decreased the elevated blood glucose concentrations of the diabetic rats to the normal levels and decreased estradiol concentration in female normal rats while increased the testosterone concentration in male normal rats. Present findings indicate that MSH plays adaptive role during early stages of alloxan induced-diabetes mellitus. Further studies are needed to identify the mechanism.

Keywords : MSH, testosterone, estradiol, E2, diabetes, alloxan, rats, RIA

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Modulates Blood Viscosity in Short-Term Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

Authors : Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Rula Khuzaie , Moayad Khataibeh and Fahmi Mahmoud

Abstract : The effects of MSH on whole blood viscosity (WBV)and hematocrit (Ht) levels in short-term alloxan-induced diabetic were studied. Male and Female Sprague-Dawley diabetic rats weighing 185-250 g were given intraperitonially (i.p.) a daily injection of 20 mg alloxan solution/100 g of body weight for 10 days. Normal and diabetic rats were given daily injection (i.p.) of alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) at a dose of 2 μg/100 g b.w for 10 days. Body weight, serum glucose, serum insulin, Ht and WBV were measured. The results indicated that MSH decreased serum glucose levels in diabetic rats in comparison with normal rats. Our study demonstrates that MSH administration significantly lowers blood viscosity of short-term diabetic rats. It proposed that MSH may exert a protective effect on the vascular endothelial cells.

Keywords : MSH, blood, viscosity, diabetes, alloxan, rats, RIA

Relationship of Vitamin B12 Deficiency with Overweight in Male Jordanian Youth

Authors : Mahmoud Abu -Samak, Rula Khuzaie, Mohammad Abu-Hasheesh, Malak Jaradeh and Mohammad Fawzi

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the association between weights status, as measured by Body Mass Index (BMI) and vitamin B12 levels among male Jordanian youth. Recent studies have shown correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and serum vitamin B12 levels in some Middle East countries; however, no data are available for Jordan, where the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency has increased at an alarming rate. One hundred and twenty male university students (aged 18 to 24 years) from Amman city, Capital of Jordan, were divided into three groups according to the body mass index namely healthy weight, overweight and obese. Fasting samples were collected for hematological parameters, serum leptin, vitamin B12, folic acid and blood glucose. The mean serum vitamin B12 level was decreased in overweight students (283 . 2 ± 84 . 17) pg mL1 comparing with the mean of all groups (353.73 ± 125) pg mL1. Of all students 16 % had B12 deficiency ( < 200 pg mL1) and 65 % of them were overweight. Serum folate levels were normal in all groups. BMI was positively correlated with serum leptin levels in all groups. Significant elevation was observed of white blood cells count in obese group (p < 0.001). Present findings suggest that overweight youth are a risk group for vitamin B12 deficiency.

Keywords : B12 , vitamin , obesity , overweight Jordanian , vitamin deficiency

Modeling the effects of prenatal exposure to aspirin on the postnatal development of rat brain

Authors : Ali Elkarmi, Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Khalid Al-Qaisi

Abstract : Three growth models were used to examine the effects of prenatal exposure to aspirin on the postnatal development of brain parts. A total of 60 pregnant rats which were divided into three experimental groups and a control group were exposed to aspirin doses of 12.5, 25, 37.5 mg/kg, and distilled water, respectively. The brain parts of 200 rat pups starting from the first week after birth until the fifth week were weighted and the length and width of the cerebrum and cerebellum were measured to determine the parameters of the growth models. The results indicated that the three models successfully predicted the growth of the different brain parts and that aspirin decreased the total brain weight, cerebrum length and width, and decreased the cerebellum length and width at aspirin dose of 37.5 mg/kg. Further analysis is needed to investigate if aspirin effects were carried out through its role in inhibiting prostaglandin production and consequently affecting the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis

Keywords : Modeling , aspirin , postnatal development , rat , brain

The Hypocholesterolemic and Antioxidative Effect of Dietary Diosgenin and Chromium Chloride Supplementation on High-Cholesterol Fed Japanese Quails

Authors : Hisham Y. Al-Matubsi, Nagham A. Nasrat, Ghaleb A. Oriquat, Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Khtan A. Al-Mzain and Maher Salim

Abstract: The current study investigated the effect of natural diosgenin extracted from fenugreek seeds, in comparison with the pure standard diosgenin, plus chromium chloride (CrCl3) supplementation on high-cholesterol fed Japanese quails. Quails were randomly divided into four groups. Group one (n = 25) fed experimental diet only (control; contained basal diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol), group 2 (n = 20) fed experimental diet supplemented with CrCl3 only (400 μg kg-1 of body weight), groups 3 and 4 (n = 30 per group) were fed experimental diet supplemented with either 0.5% (w/w) of extracted diosgenin plus CrCl3 or pure standard diosgenin (0.5%) plus CrCl3 respectively, for 12 days. Blood samples were collected at days 0 and 12 for measuring levels of lipid profile. The work was carried out at Applied Science University and Amman University, Amman, Jordan during the period from October 2009 through October 2010. The mean levels of total cholesterol (TC) in control quails at d12 was significantly (p<0.01) increased compare to those at d0. Supplementation of diet with CrCl3 alone or CrCl3 with diosgenin either extracted or pure standard for 12 days showed a significant (p<0.01) decrease in TC and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels as compared to those in the control quails. While, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased significantly (p<0.01) in quails supplemented with diosgenin and CrCl3. At d12, the mean Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activities in erythrocytes of quails in all supplemented groups was significantly (p<0.01) increased as compared to those in control group and was more pronounced in erythrocytes of quails supplemented with pure standard diosgenin plus CrCl3. These results indicated that the combined diosgenin and CrCl3 supplementation to high-cholesterol fed quails might induce a protective effect by both regulating lipid and antioxidative damage.

Keywords : Hypocholesterolemia, Diosgenin and Chromium Chloride Japanese Quails

Imbalances of key parameters needed for energy-yielding processes in the serum of tramadol-treated male rats

Authors : Husam Abazid, Sahar Jaffal, Mahmoud Abu-Samak.

Abstract : Addiction is one of the major health challenges in the world. Tramadol is an analgesic that has been widely abused, causing negative health consequences. This study sheds light on the effect of the administration of tramadol hydrochloride (HCl) on the serum levels of key parameters needed for energy production. Male Wistar rats received oral administration of tramadol HCl for 30 days and then were sacrificed to collect blood from the eyes and determine the levels of nutritional measures in the serum by kits. Our findings showed that the daily oral gavage of 50 or 100 mg/kg tramadol HCl for a month decreased the serum levels of ferrous iron and glucose significantly compared to the nontreated rats. Additionally, both doses increased the levels of total protein, triglycerides, and magnesium compared to the nontreated animals. Only the dose of 50 mg/kg tramadol HCl was effective in elevating the serum concentration of vitamin B12. Moreover, tramadol HCl treatment did not trigger any change in the levels of zinc in comparison to the control group. In conclusion, tramadol causes imbalances of key parameters needed for energy production.

Keywords : Tramadol HCl, oral, biochemical, energy, fatigue

Association of parental history of type 2 diabetes mellitus with leptin levels in Jordanian male youths

Authors : Mohammad O Abu-Hasheesh 1, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak, Hisham Y Al-Matubsi, Malak S Jaradeh, Samiha S Jarrah, Rula F Khuzaie

Abstract : Objective: To investigate the association between high level serum leptin in male youths in relation to parental history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and body mass index (BMI). Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at the Department of Medical Technology, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan during the period from January to April 2009. One hundred and sixteen Jordanian male nursing students aged 18-24 years were divided into 4 groups according to parental history of T2DM and BMI. Fasting blood samples were measured for blood glucose, lipid profile, and serum leptin. Results: Serum leptin levels in overweight and obese male youth diabetic patients with parental history of T2DM were significantly higher than in those overweight and obese without parental history (p<0.001). Of the 116 subjects, 83 (71.6%) had a positive parental history of T2DM. Compared with other groups, significant (p<0.001) elevation was observed in the mean cholesterol and triglyceride levels of obese T2DM. No significant differences were detected in high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and blood glucose levels among all study groups. Conclusion: High levels of leptin in overweight and obese Jordanian male youths were more likely associated with a positive parental family history of T2DM than BMI factor.

Keywords : Diabetes , parental, obesity , type 2 diabetes

Circulatory Leptin Levels as a Key Link in thePotential Association between Insulin Resistance andVitaminDDeficiency: A ReviewArticle

Authors : Mahmoud Abu-Samak , Beisan A Mohammad , Ibrahim Mosleh Omar Abdel-Majeed 1 Abeer Braham1 Shady HAwwad , Ahamed Abu-Zaiton

Abstract : Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are worldwide problems. Many recent studies have shown a high prevalence of T2DM and VDD in Mediterranean countries including Jordan. Remarkably, VDD is more prevalent in obese people with inverse association with 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD). Nevertheless , randomized clinical trials (RCTs) point did not confirm that yet in particular the association with an obesity marker (leptin hormone) . Leptin is involved in the insulin resistance (IR) pathogenesis and development of T2DM. Some RCTs showed that the treatment of VDD by 1,25OHD2D3 (VD3) may improve the control of diabetes and insulin sensitivity or decrease the risk of disease. Conversely, leptin levels were positively associated with 25OHD levels. Overall, taking into account the U-shaped curve , it seems that the association between VD3 supplementation is a dose dependent . In this context , it can be concluded that when VD intake is below, the serum leptin level will be low and vice versa VD supplementation may cause raising serum leptin as shown in this review . Therefore, we suggest further clinical trials wither to confirm or negation of existence of diabetogenic or anti-diabetogenic effects for VD3 supplementations.

Keywords : VDD, diabetes , T2DM , vitamin D, leptin, obesity ,insulin resistance

Correlation of Elevated Serum Serotonin Levels with Regular Aerobic Exercise is Associated with Alterations in Monocyte Count and Hemoglobin Levels during Winter Season

Authors : Mahmoud S. Abu-Samak

Abstract : Central fatigue pheromone is not satisfactory to explain altered serum serotonin sSER. Thus the aim of this study is to detect some potential peripheral predictors of altered sSER at rest on the day without any exercise during winter season. One hundred and one university male students aged (21.5±1.5) year’s. Participants were divided into two groups: The NES (non exercising) and RES (regular aerobic exercising) subject groups. BMI was calculated for all subjects. Fasting blood samples were collected and tested for blood glucose, blood indices, lipid profile, serum serotonin, leptin vitamin B12, folic acid and salivary stress hormones (cortisol and DHEA). T test showed an elevation in serum serotonin levels of RES group with significant mean difference (p = 0.031) between the study groups RES and NES. Total WBC count and obesity values for mean of BMI, weight and leptin were significantly higher in NES group. Granulocytes count (R2 = 0.114), hemoglobin levels (R2 = 0.193), WBC count (R2 = 0.289), LDL levels (R2 = 0.362) and serum leptin levels (R2 = 0.423) were selected by stepwise regression analysis as predictive variables of regular aerobic exercise for serum serotonin. These predictors together explained 42% of the variance in serum serotonin. In NES potential predictors were; monocyte count (R2 = 0.102) and platelets count (R2 = 0.275). This study indicates that a positive correlation between regular aerobic exercise and serum serotonin levels in winter season is associated with significant changes in monocyte count.

Keywords : Serotonin, aerobic , exercise , blood count , monocytes , hemoglobin

Assessing the effect of omega-3 fatty acid combined with vitamin D3 versus vitamin D3 alone on estradiol levels: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in females with vitamin D deficiency

Authors : Amani H Al-Shaer 1, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak 1, Luai Z Hasoun 1, Beisan A Mohammad 1 2, Iman A Basheti 1

Abstract : Purpose: Outcomes investigating the effect of vitamin D3 (VD3) and omega-3 fatty acids (Omega-3FA) on serum estradiol (E2) are scarce and conflicting. No previous study has investigated the effect of VD3 combination with Omega-3FA on E2 levels. This study was designed to investigate the effect of VD3, Omega-3FA and VD3 plus Omega-3FA on serum E2 levels in premenopausal females diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Subjects and methods: This randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effects of 50,000 IU VD3 taken weekly, 300 mg Omega-3FA taken daily and their combination by the study participants for 8 weeks. The mid-follicular serum levels of E2 and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) were assessed at 8 weeks. The study was conducted during winter on a convenience sample of healthy premenopausal Jordanian females with diagnosed VDD. Fasting serum levels for 25OHD and E2 were assessed at baseline and the end of the trial (after 8 weeks). Data were entered into SPSS and analyzed. Results: Healthy premenopausal Jordanian females (N=86) with diagnosed VDD, mean age 32.8±8.9 years, were recruited into the study. Supplementation of VD3 alone resulted in a significant increase in serum 25OHD (13.4±7.9-28.2±7.1 ng/mL, P<0.001) and a significant decrease in E2 levels (85.7±16.5-60.3±20.6 pg/mL, P=0.001). Omega-3FA intake led to a significant decrease in serum 25OHD levels (21.2±12.8-13.6±9.2 ng/mL, P=0.001) and a significant increase in E2 levels (56.3±19.2-78.4±23.7 pg/mL, P=0.006). Combination therapy (VD3 plus Omega-3FA) resulted in a significant increase in both 25OHD (12.0±4.7-35.1±9.5 ng/mL, P<0.001) and E2 (43.0±23.4-57.3±31.5 pg/mL, P=0.028) levels. Conclusion: Results of this study provide vital insight into the effects of D3, Omega-3FA and a combination of their supplementation on premenopausal Jordanian females with diagnosed VDD. Eight weeks of therapy led to decreased E2 level by VD3 and increased level by Omega-3FA supplementation. With regard to 25OHD, its level was increased by VD3 and decreased by Omega-3FA supplementation. Combination of VD3 plus Omega-3FA increased the levels of both E2 and 25OHD.

Keywords : cancer; omega-3 fatty acids; premenopausal females; serum levels of estradiol; vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D3.

The combination of omega-3 fatty acids with high doses of vitamin D3 elevate A1c levels: A randomized Clinical Trial in people with vitamin D deficiency

Authors : Abeer Barham 1, Beisan Mohammad 2, Luai Hasoun 1, Shady Awwad 3, Ibrahim Mosleh 4, Ahmad Aljaberi 5, Mahmoud Abu-Samak

Abstract : Purpose: This randomised clinical trial (RCT) was created to assess the influence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (VD3 ), omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) and their combination (D+) on glycated haemoglobin (A1c) levels in Jordanian peoples with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Participants and methods: This RCT was designed to examine the follow-up (2 months) effect of either 50 000 IU VD3 , 300 mg n-3FA, or the combination of the two supplements on glycated Haemoglobin (A1c) levels in 146 Jordanian women and men with VDD, aged from 25 to 55 years. The eligible participants were randomised into four groups: Control (C); VD3 supplementation (50 000 IU of VD3 was taken weekly) (D3 ); n-3FA supplementation (300 mg of omega-3FA was taken daily) (n-3FA); VD3 and omega-3 supplementation group (D+) with the same protocol as the previous two groups. Results: The combination therapy (n-3FA plus VD3) for 8 weeks significantly increased A1c levels (5.79 ± 0.34 vs 5.41 ± 0.33, P < .001). Tukey test for post hoc comparisons of A1c at follow-up showed that the A1c mean levels were remarkably higher in the D+ study group comparing to the control group (5.78 vs 5.38). Conclusion: The intervention of n-3FA alone or in combination with high doses of VD3 may lead to negative effects on glycaemic control or accelerate the insulin resistance's development in susceptible people for diabetes mellitus (type 2).

Keywords : Vitamin D, VDD. Omega-3. A1c, diabetes

A Cross-Sectional Study on the Combined Effect of Body Weight and Coffee Consumption on Serum Levels of Leptin, Vitamin B12, and Folic Acid in Healthy Young Adult Males

Authors : Luai Z Hasoun 1, Heba A Khader 2, May Ibrahim Abu-Taha 1, Beisan A Mohammad 3, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak 1

Abstract : Purpose: Studies on the effect of body weight and coffee consumption on leptin, vitamin B12, and folic acid are scarce and conflicting. This study investigates the effect of body weight and/or coffee consumption rate on the serum levels of these molecules in healthy young adult males. Patients and methods: This observational cross-sectional study was carried out at the faculty of pharmacy, Applied Science Private University (ASU), Amman, Jordan, from July to September 2020. Young healthy males were invited to participate in the study and fill a questionnaire regarding lifestyle habits including coffee consumption during the last 3 months, medical history, and anthropometric measurements. Depending on BMI and extent of coffee consumption, participants were divided into 4 groups; normal body weight and moderate coffee consumption (NW/MCC) group; normal body weight and heavy coffee consumption (NW/HCC) group; overweight and moderate coffee consumption (OW/MCC) group; overweight and heavy coffee consumption (OW/HCC) group. Serum samples were taken to measure leptin, vitamin B12, and folic acid levels in addition to morning and midnight salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) samples. Results: Healthy males (n = 122) aged 18 to 26 years continued participation in this study. Serum levels of leptin in NW/MCC, NW/HCC, OW/MCC, OW/HCC groups were 5.93, 5.75, 14.86, 16.79 ng/mL, respectively. Serum levels of vitamin B12 in these groups were 356.09, 402.71, 334.25, 331.05 pg/mL, respectively. While, the serum levels of folic acid were 8.92, 10.27, 10.12, 10.47 ng/mL, respectively. Body weight was positively associated with leptin (p = 0.00), negatively associated with vitamin B12 (p = 0.047), and not associated with folic acid (p = 0.235). Coffee consumption rate had no significant effect on leptin, vitamin B12, or folic acid. Finally, the combination of body weight and coffee consumption had no significant effect on leptin, vitamin B12, or folic acid. Conclusion: There was no possible synergistic effect between body weight and coffee consumption rate on leptin, vitamin B12, or folic acid levels. However, overweight was associated with higher leptin, lower vitamin B12, and no change in folic acid levels.

Keywords : BMI; body weight; coffee consumption; folic acid; homocysteine; leptin; obesity; overweight; vitamin B12.

Correlation of selected stress associated factors with vitamin D deficiency in Jordanian men and women

Authors : Mahmoud S Abu-Samak 1, Mohannad Eid AbuRuz 2, Rami Masa'Deh 2, Rula Khuzai 2, Samiha Jarrah 2

Abstract : Background: To identify stress associated factors for vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in healthy Jordanian people based on serum 25(OH)D levels. Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Three hundred and seventy-one Jordanian men and women aged 17-52 years, who were identified as VD deficient 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL, were eligible to participate in the study. Serum vitamin 25(OH) D was measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Cortisol, parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphate, fasting lipid profile, and blood glucose were also analyzed. Questionnaires were used to collect lifestyles parameters. Anthropometric parameters including: body mass index (BMI), waist (W) and hip (H) circumferences, W/H ratio (WHR) were also calculated. Results: The vast majority (91%) of the participants had vitamin D deficiency (25- (OH) D <30 ng/mL). Positive correlations were observed between vitamin D deficiency and the following anthropometric parameters in all study sample; gender (P=0.010), height (P=0.22), height/hip ratio (P=0.015) and waist/hip ratio (P=0.013). Lifestyle parameters that indicated very weak positive correlations with VDD were number of family members (P=0.011) and insufficient exposure to sunlight (P=0.023). The following clinical parameters showed weak or very weak correlations with VDD; serum cortisol (r=0.318), low density lipoprotein (r=0.246) and total cholesterol (r=0.133). Skin color and water pipe tobacco smoking were added to the multivariable stepwise regression analyses as they have been weakly correlated with VDD. These predictors together explained only 12.2% of the variance in serum cortisol levels in the VDD study sample. Conclusion: A weak positive association between VDD and elevated serum cortisol was observed in this study. Subcutaneous changes may be involved in that association but further studies are needed to clarify a potential role for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

Keywords : Vitamin D deficiency; cortisol; obesity; smoking; stress.

Associations Between Sleep Deprivation and Salivary Testosterone Levels in Male University Students: A Prospective Cohort Study

Authors : Mahmoud Suleiman Abu-Samak 1, Beisan Ali Mohammad 1, May Ibrahim Abu-Taha 1, Luai Zidan Hasoun 1, Shady Helmi Awwad 2

Abstract : Sleep deprivation is a common health problem that is growing rapidly worldwide and it is associated with short- and long-term impacts on health. The aim of this study was to detect potential predictors of salivary testosterone (sT) association with sleep deprivation in Arab male university students. In this prospective cohort study, 77 university male students in the age range of 18 to 26 years were divided into two groups, sleep-deprived (SD) participants and non-sleep-deprived (NSD) participants. Sleep deprivation was defined as sleeping less than 5 hr per night. Blood samples and sT were collected from fasting participants to measure serum levels of glucose, lipid profile, leptin, serotonin, sT, and body mass index (BMI) values. The multiple linear correlation model of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), BMI, and serotonin was positively correlated with sT ( r = .977, p < .05) in the SD group. No correlations were identified with sT in the NSD group. In the SD study group, the multiple linear regression model of HDL-C, BMI, and serotonin was significantly influenced by sT ( R² = .955, p < .05). These predictors together explained approximately 96% of the variance in sT levels in the SD study group. No predictive variables for sT were reported in the NSD group. Results indirectly confirmed the presence of a positive association between sT and sleep deprivation in young men. This association is mediated by three factors, HDL-C, BMI, and serum serotonin, which are collectively considered as part of a significant physiological adaptation to sleep deprivation in young men.

Keywords : BMI; leptin; lipid; salivary testosterone; serotonin; sleep deprivation.

Evaluation of selected biochemical parameters in the saliva of young males using mobile phones

Authors : Khalid M Abu Khadra 1, Ahmad M Khalil, Mahmoud Abu Samak, Ahmad Aljaberi

Abstract : The biochemical status in the saliva of 12 males before/after using mobile phone has been evaluated. Radio frequency signals of 1800 MHz (continuous wave transmission, 217 Hz modulate and Global System for Mobile Communications [GSM - non-DTX]) with 1.09 w/kg specific absorption rate (SAR) value were used for 15 and 30 min. Cell phone radiation induced a significant increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD); there was a statistically significant effect of talking time on the levels of SOD, F(2, 33) = 8.084, p < 0.05, ω = 0.53. The trend analysis suggests a significant quadratic trend, F(1, 33) = 4.891, p < 0.05; indicating that after 15 min of talking the levels of SOD increased, but as talking time increased the SOD activity started to drop. In contrast to this, there was no statistically significant effect of talking time on the level of salivary albumin, cytochrome c, catalase or uric acid. Results suggest that exposure to electromagnetic radiation may exert an oxidative stress on human cells as evidenced by the increase in the concentration of the superoxide radical anion released in the saliva of cell phone users.

Keywords : Human saliva; mobile phone; oxidative stress; radio frequency radiation; superoxide dismutase.

Combined Effect Of Coffee Consumption And Cigarette Smoking On Serum Levels Of Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, And Lipid Profile In Young Male: A Cross-Sectional Study

Authors : May Abu-Taha 1, Rajaa Dagash 1, Beisan A Mohammad 2, Iman Basheiti 1, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak 1

Abstract : Objective: To investigate the associations of coffee consumption and/or smoking on certain clinical outcomes including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), vitamin B12, and folic acid in a population of young healthy men. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Amman, Jordan, over 4 months. Participants were approached for study participation and asked to fill a questionnaire about their anthropometric information, habitual smoking, and coffee consumption during the last 3 months. Their fasting blood samples were taken to measure TC and LDL-C. Results: Healthy male participants (n=117) in the age range of 18 to 26 years were recruited. Mean serum TC was higher in heavy coffee consumers (C++) group (≥3 cups/day) with or without smoking (M= 179.9±34.59 mg/dL and 195.94±23.69 mg/dL) in comparison with moderate coffee consumers (C+) group (1-2 cups/day) (M= 158.1±24.82 mg/dL and 177.23±34.17 mg/dL), and the mean level was higher in subjects who were coffee consumers only than smokers who were coffee consumers. LDL-C levels were higher in participants who were coffee consumers (M= 103.06±34.82mg/dL and 118.06±19.31 mg/dL) than smokers who were coffee consumers (M= 88.6±22.40 mg/dL and 108.26±37.57 mg/dL). No significant difference was noted regarding HDL-C, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Conclusion: Our findings showed that heavy coffee consumption was more associated with hyperlipidemia than cigarette smoking. Accordingly, we conclude that moderate coffee consumption may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases or their consequences in male.

Keywords : CVD; cholesterol; cigarette smoking; coffee; lipid profile

Corrigendum to "Effects of Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Activities of Cyclooxygenases and Levels of Prostaglandins E 2 and F 2α Metabolites, in the Offspring of Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes"

Authors : Hisham Y Al-Matubsi 1, Ghaleb A Oriquat 2, Mahmoud Abu-Samak 3, Othman A Al Hanbali 4, Maher D Salim 5

Abstract : Background. Our aim was to evaluate the protective effect of lipoic acid (LA) on fetal outcome of diabetic mothers. Methods. Diabetes was induced in female rats using streptozotocin and rats were made pregnant. Pregnant control (group 1; n = 9; and group 2; n = 7) or pregnant diabetic (group 3; n = 10; and group 4; n = 8) rats were treated daily with either LA (groups 2 and 4) or vehicle (groups 1 and 3) between gestational days 0 and 15. On day 15 of gestation, the fetuses, placentas, and membranes were dissected, examined morphologically, and then homogenized, to measure cyclooxygenase (COX) activities and metabolisms of prostaglandin (PG) E2 (PGEM) and PGF2α (PGFM) levels. The level of total glutathione was measured in the maternal liver and plasma and in all fetuses. Results. Supplementation of diabetic rats with LA was found to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce resorption rates in diabetic rats and led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in liver, plasma, and fetuses total glutathione from LA-TD rats as compared to those from V-TD. Decreased levels of PGEM and elevated levels of PGFM in the fetuses, placentas, and membranes were characteristic of experimental diabetic gestation associated with malformation. The levels of PGEM in malformed fetuses from LA-TD mothers was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in malformed fetuses from V-TD rats. Conclusions. LA treatment did not completely prevent the occurrence of malformations. Thus, other factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of the diabetes-induced congenital malformations.

Keywords : Lipoic acid , diabetes, rats , PGs, E2 PGF2

Lipid and hematological parameters in hyperleptinemic healthy Arab male youth in Jordan

Authors : Mahmoud Abu-Samak 1, Al-Motassem Yousef, Ahmad Al-Jarie, Hisham Y Al-Matubsi, Ahmed Abu-Zaiton, Mamoun Al-Quraan, Rula Khuzaie

Abstract : To analyze the influence ofhyperleptinemia on fasting lipid and hematological parameters in healthy Arab male youth in Jordan, this cross-sectional study was carried out in April 2009 on a sample of 120 students aged 18-24 years. Subjects were stratified by fasting leptin into two groups (control, <12.7 ng mL(-1) vs. hyperleptenimic, e_< 12.7 ng mL(-1)) and BMI (normal weight, < 25 kgm(-2) vs. overweight/obese, BMI e_< 25 kg m(-2)). Fasting serum leptin, blood glucose, lipid profile and hematological parameters values were determined by standard kit methods. Mean serum leptin concentrations were more than five times as high in hyperleptenemic subjects than in control subjects (p < 0.001). Compared with control group, significant elevations (p < 0.01) were observed in the means total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels of hyperleptenemic group whereas no significant differences was detected in HDL-cholesterol. Except the changes of WBC count, MCH and slightly MCHC, there were no differences between both groups in any other term of hematological parameters. In conclusion, changes in lipid variables and some hematological parameters may increase plasma viscosity as a step during atherosclerosis pathogenesis in male youth at risk for dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, hyperleptinemia could be a useful index in identifying healthy youth male subjects but this hypothesis needs further investigation.

Keywords : Lipid, leptin, cbc. Human, Jordanian

A Comparative Evaluation of Microwave and Conventional Soxhlet Extraction Methods for the Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Potentials of Jordanian Psidium guajava Raw Fruit Peel Extracts

Authors : R. Issa , S. Khater and M. Abu- Samak

Abstract : Background: Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) is one of the medicinal plants in Jordan that have been reported in the folk medicine for different indications and few of them have been experimentally and/or clinically determined. Objective: The current study aims to explores the aqueous extracts obtained from Jordanian premature P. guajava fruit peel (PGFP), using two different methods for extraction. Also to assess these extracts different pharmacological activities as well as their phytochemistry. Materials and Methods: Two different methods for extraction were used, Microwave-Integrated Soxhlet (MIS) and Conventional Soxhlet (CS) extraction methods. The TLC analysis was used to optimize each extraction method and for the preliminary phytochemical screening. The HPLC-MS/MS analysis allowed the identification and quantification of the phenol compounds in the PGFP two extracts. For each extract type, the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ABTS method. In addition, the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potentials for each extract were also evaluated on normoglycemic and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to reveal significant (p<0.05) differences between the tested animal groups. Results: The CS extract showed ellagic acid as the major constituent, followed by gallic, P-coumaric, furelic acids, quercetin and ascorbic acid in order of their percentage content (total phenol content). Regarding the MIS extract, ascorbic acid was detected as the major compound followed by gallic, P-coumaric acids and quercetin. Moreover, MIS extract showed to contain higher level of total phenol compounds. Comparison of pharmacological studies showed more potent effects of CS as antioxidant and hypolipidemic extract, where the MIS extract showed higher hypoglycemic effect. Conclusion: The presented data suggest that PGFP can be used for their antioxidant, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects, if the extraction methods were optimized for the required pharmacological effect. In this study, it was correlated that, significant hypolipidemic effect of unripe guava to high content of ellagic acid in its fruit peels and antioxidant action of the active extract. This effect for ellagic acid seems to be mediated by metabolic pathway by which it acts as antilypolytic agent to reduce the consequences of diabetes mellitus, such as atherosclerosis rather than antidiabetic effect.

Keywords : Psidium guajava L, diabetes , lipidemic , Phyto, extract

Morning Salivary Cortisol Associates with Elevated Serum Leptin Levels in Jordanian Young Men with Olive Pollen Induced Allergic Rhinitis

Authors : Mahmoud Abu-Samak1 , Ahmad Abu-Zaiton2 , Ahmad Al-Jaberi3 , Ahmad Sundookah4 , Omar Atrooz5 , Khalid M. Abu khadra6 , Rula Kuzaie4 and Wamidh H. Talib1*

Abstract : Aims: Recent studies have shown independently inter-correlations between allergy, obesity, leptin hormone, and stress markers. However, these findings were unclear and contradictory. Thus the aim of the present study is to evaluate diurnal levels of salivary cortisol and DHEA in sample of Jordanian young men with history of olive pollen-induced Original Research Article British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 4(3): 797-806, 2014 798 allergic rhinitis in relation to serum levels of leptin. Methodology: 130 university male students aged (21.98±1.78) years, were divided into two groups (59 allergic and 71 non allergic). Fasting blood samples were collected and tested for blood glucose, lipid profile, serum leptin, and salivary stress hormones (cortisol and DHEA). Results: Allergic subjects showed significantly higher means of serum leptin (p

Keywords : Allergy; stress; obesity; salivary cortisol; DHEA; leptin; lipid; Jordanian

Antioxidant Profile of Saliva among Young Men Using Mobile Phones

Authors : Khalid Abu Khadra.Ahmad Mohammad Khalilm Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Ahmad Aljaberi

Abstract : Oxidative stress has been implicated as a mechanism of potential health effects that may result from exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). A cross sectional study was designed to investigate and analyze the biochemical effects of RF-EMR emitted from mobile phones at 835 MHz and 1900 MHz bands on some biochemical markers: Superoxide dismutase (SOD), albumin, amylase, uric acid and cytochrome C in the saliva of young men (18-37 years; average age 27.74 ± 8.08). EMF caused a significant increase in the activity of SOD but a significant decrease in that of amylase in the saliva of people after using mobile phones. The increases in the activity of cytochrome C and the concentrations of albumin and uric acid were not significant. A true correlation between the salivary antioxidant biomarkers and the number of calling min., rather than the number of calls, was found. These oxidative changes may result in metabolic changes in the living cells up to oncogenic transformation. Thus, based on these findings, it is recommended that a long-term/or excessive use of mobile phones, especially by young individuals, should be avoided. This goal can be accomplished by telehealth technology promotion activities targeting the more sensitive ages, children and adolescents, since their developing brains absorb more EMR from a mobile phone. Such activities include: group discussions, public presentations and mass communication through available electronic and print media sources.

Keywords : Human saliva; mobile phone; oxidative stress; SOD .

Segmental body composition analysis by bioimpedance (BI) as obesity determination tool

Authors : Ahmad Sundookah1*, Yazeed Abu-Hanak2, Mahmoud Abu-Samak1, Saqer M. Herzallah1,

Abstract : Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between seg¬mental body composition, obe¬sity measures and body mass index (BMI) using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Methods: 48 adult individuals (30 females and 18 males) at Applied Science Private University (ASU) Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics were participated in body composition analysis on 12 January 2020, and InBody 370S device was used to perform the analysis. Results: The results of BIA analysis, lean body mass and body muscle mass were found to be statistically significantly higher in obese female adults compared with obese boys. However, lean mass of the left arm, left leg muscle mass and basal metabolic rate were found to be statistically significantly( P< 0.05) lower in defined obese female compared none obese individuals. Conclusion: The results proof that both lean and fat segmental analysis are highly correlated values, and the level of obesity and segmental analysis for female and male adults can be considered in Obesity and disease preventions

Keywords : BIA, Obesity, Segmental analysis, Body composition, BMI.

Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Diabetic Rats Treated with Combined Extracts of Artemisia herba-alba and Anabasis syriaca

Authors : Ahmed Abu-Zaiton , Sohail Alsohaili , Abdulrahim Aljamal, Ayah Algaramseh, Maha Habash, Yousef Abu-Zaitoon and Mahmoud Abu-Samak

Abstract : Background and Objective: Diabetes is a global health problem that affects various organs such as the liver, heart and kidney. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) who are unsatisfied with conventional therapy are more likely to utilize herbal medicine to improve the effectiveness of the conventional medication. Some herbal extracts such as Artemisia herba alba and Anabasis syriaca are more likely to prevent DM’s consequences. Therefore, the present research was designed to examine the impact of a combined extract of Artemisia herba alba and Anabasis syriaca on blood glucose (BG) levels and lipid profile as well as kidney and liver functions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Artemisia herba alba and Anabasis syriaca leaves separately were collected and air-dried for 4 weeks at room temperature (23-27°C). A stock solution was prepared of 100 mg of dry ethanol extracts and dissolved in 10 mL ethanol. The 36 Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned into six groups (N = 6): Control group, Streptozotocin, (STZ-diabetic group), Artemisia herba alba with STZ (extract1 group), Anabasis syriaca with STZ (extract 2 groups), extract 1 and extract 2 (group) and metformin group. The experiment was applied for 28 days. Results: Significant blood glucose levels reduction was observed when administrated with combined extracts (161.03±19.6 mg dL–1, p<0.05) compared with the STZ group with a mean value of 460.9±121.9 mg dL–1. Significantly increased the level of HDL (67.06±38.8 mg dL–1) compared with the diabetic group (34.33±1.07 mg dL–1) when administrated E1 extract in diabetic rats combined extract decreased serum triglycerides level. Various plants extracts have not shown asignificant effect onother studyparameters cholesterol, LDL, AST and kidney function tests. Conclusion: The present study showed that the combined effect of Artemisia herba alba and Anabasis syriaca extracts has shown a potential antidiabetic and hypolipidemic impact in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Keywords : Diabetic Rats , Artemisia herba-alba, Anabasis syriaca, ;lipid profile, urea . kidney function

Research Title :The Antimicrobial Activity of Combination of Vitamin D3 and Omega-3 against Pathogenic Microorganisms. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen

Authors :Al-Najjar MAA, Abdulrazzaq SB, Al-Shaer S, Barakat M, Omar A, Zrieq R, Hasen E, Abu Samak M

Abstract :Food supplements such as vitamin D3 and omega-3 have a significant role in activating the immune system and impacting the diversity of gut microbiota; thus, controlling the growth of invading pathogens indirectly. Objective This study aims to evaluate the direct antimicrobial activity of vitamin D3 and omega-3 individually, combined together, and combined with low concentrations of gentamicin or amphotericin B against selected pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, this study hypothesizes the potential antimicrobial mechanism and recommends suitable studies to be conducted. Method Minimum inhibitory concentration of different serial dilutions of vitamin D3 [0.7 μg/mL-83.3 μg/mL] or omega-3 [0.7 mg/mL-100mg/mL] or combined [vitamin D3: 1.3 μg/mL-83.3 μg/mL and omega-3: 1.56 mg/mL-100mg/mL] with/without antibiotic have been investigated on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans using check board technique. Results The highest concentration of vitamin D3 [83.3 μg/mL] demonstrated a complete eradication of the tested microorganisms. Conversely, omega-3 had a lower effect on them. The highest concentration of combining vitamin D3 and omega-3 with/without gentamicin resulted in a complete eradication of the S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa with a 6.8 to 7 log reduction. On the other hand, C. albicans was inhibited when using vitamin D3 [83.3 μg/mL] or when this concentration is combined with 100mg/mL of omega-3. However, when these two concentrations were added to amphotericin B the log reduction dropped to 0.45 suggesting antagonistic effect …

Keywords :C. albicans.; E. coli; P. aeruginosa; S. aureus; Vitamin D3; amphotericin B; gentamicin; omega 3

Research Title :Nephroprotective effects of Equisetum ramosissimum L. extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Authors : Raheeq Khairy Abdullah, Reem A Issa, Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Beisan A Mohammad, Manal A Abbas, Shady Helmi Awwad

Abstract :Diabetes is a widespread health issue that impacts people all over the globe. The Equisetum ramosissimum L. plant has numerous traditional uses and pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic effects. The objective of this study was to thoroughly examine the advantages of incorporating extracts from the aerial components of E. ramosissimum to control diabetic nephropathy. The phytochemical constituents of E. ramosissimum extract were explored using phytochemical and HPLC analysis, focusing on phenols and flavonoid content. The effect of plant extract was evaluated on different kidney function parameters linked to diabetic nephropathy (fasting blood glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and urea) in streptozotocin induced-diabetic rats. Histopathological changes in the liver were also examined. The results showed methanol and ethanol extracts of E. ramosissimum have a total content of phenols (equivalent to gallic acid, 7.62 and 8.97 mg/g) and flavonoids (equivalent to quercetin, 8.87 and 12.86 mg/g), respectively. After conducting the UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, it was found that both the methanol and ethanol extracts contained isoferulic acid, ISO-Orientin, myristic acid, linoelaidic acid, rutin, and 3-Glu-7-Rha quercetin. Additionally, isoferulic acid, myristic acid, linoelaidic acid, rutin, and 3-Glu-7-Rha quercetin were present in the extracts. The ethanol extract of E. ramosissimum significantly impacted STZ-induced diabetic mice by reducing their fasting blood glucose levels, and their creatinine and urea levels (P< 0.005). In conclusion, E. ramosissimum ethanol extract has shown potential effects to counteract some diabetes consequences

Keywords :Equisetum ramosissimum, diabetes, nephroprotective, kidney functions, phenols, flavonoids

Research Title :The effect of roasting degrees on bioactive compounds levels in Coffea arabica and their associations with glycated hemoglobin levels and kidney function in diabetic rats

Authors : OA Tamimi, SH Awwad, R Issa, T Al-Qaisi, H Abazid,…… Mahmoud Abu-Samak

Abstract :The current study aims to assess the content of coffee oil, diterpenes, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid in coffee beans, and to evaluate the effects of roasting degrees on bioactive compound levels in Coffea arabica and their associations with glycated hemoglobin levels and kidney function parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. These constituents were quantified using Soxhlet, liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detecto (DAD). The outcomes exhibited a positive correlation between levels of coffee oil and diterpenes with a roasting degree. However, it demonstrated a negative correlation between caffeine and chlorogenic acid with a roasting degree. The male rats were categorized into two sections: healthy (nondiabetic) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic groups. Rats have daily administrated 2 ml of coffee extract using an oral gavage subjected to different roasting degrees for 3 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), urea, and creatinine in serum were assayed at baseline and end of the experiment. The highest significant elevation (Pa = 0.016) in the mean urea and creatinine levels was noted in the diabetic group administrated with dark coffee extract whereas the lowest elevation was in the diabetic group administrated with green coffee extract. In conclusion, our study has shown that coffee roasting degree may have a potential negative effect on kidney function that may accelerate or exacerbate diabetic nephropathy in induced diabetic rats. A noteworthy change in urea levels was observed in diabetic rats treated with dark-roasted coffee, which might be attributed to the

Keywords :Nephropathy, coffee, quantification, diabetes, caffeine, chlorogenic acids

Research Title :Correlation of High Serum Leptin Levels with selected stress-associated salivary hormones in Arab Healthy Young Men

Authors : Reem Issa, Mahmoud Abu Samak, Manal M Abbas, Talal Al-Qaisi, Razan Obeidat, Bayan Ghanim, Nidal Qinna

Abstract :Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Beisan A Mohammad, Shady H Awwad, Abeer Barham, Ahmed Abu-zaiton 2023/12/30. Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Natural Science Series. 17 : 2 Abstract Background: Allostatic load is accompanying the youth’s modern lifestyle. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of stress markers such as salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) hormone levels in Arab young men with high levels of leptin. Methods: 118 males aged 18–26 years, were eligible to participate in a retrospective cross-sectional study. Participants were categorized into two groups: moderate levels of serum leptin (< 7 ng/ml) and high levels of leptin levels (≥ 7 ng/ml). Serum leptin, salivary cortisol and DHEA, lipid profile, and fasting blood glucose were assayed for each participant. Results: A significant decrease in the mean levels of morning salivary-DHEA was observed in high levels of leptin compared to moderate levels of serum leptin study group (p< 0.0001). A significant increase was also observed in mean values of body weight and body-mass index. A positive correlation was observed between morning salivary-DHEA and serum-leptin levels in all subjects (p= 0.003). Pearson correlation showed significant correlations between morning salivary-DHEA, body weight, body mass index, and triglyceride. Conclusion: The serum leptin level was proportional to the DHEA/cortisol imbalance that was associated with allostatic load and the inability to accommodate stress in male youth

Keywords : Branched horsetail, leptin, ghrelin, diet, metabolic syndromes

Research Title :The Effect of Weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D3 Supplements on the Serum Levels of Selected Cytokines Involved in Cytokine Storm: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Adults with Vitamin D Deficiency

Authors : Bader, D.A., Abed, A., Mohammad, B.A., Aljaberi, A., Sundookah, A., Habash, M., Alsayed, A.R., Abusamak, M., Al-Shakhshir, S. and Abu-Samak, M

Abstract :This research aimed to evaluate the effects of high-dose cholecalciferol (VD3) supplements (50,000 IU/week) on selected circulating cytokines associated with cytokine storms in adults with vitamin D deficiency. This clinical trial, based in Jordan, included 50 participants receiving vitamin D3 supplements (50,000 IU/week) for 8 weeks; the exact number was assigned to the control group. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α), and leptin were measured in serum at baseline and 10 weeks (wash out: 2 weeks). Our results revealed that vitamin D3 supplementation significantly increased the serum levels of 25OHD, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and leptin compared with baseline. In contrast, the serum level of TNF-α insignificantly increased in the group receiving vitamin D3 supplementation. Although the observations of this trial may refer to a potential negative effect of VD3 supplementation during cytokine storms, further trials are required to clarify the potential benefits of VD3 supplement during cytokine storms

Keywords : vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D3; cytokine; storm; interleukin 6; interleukin 10; interleukin 1β; TNF-α

Research Title :Asthma-COPD Overlap in Clinical Practice

Authors :Alsayed, A.R., Abu-Samak, M.S. and Alkhatib, M

Abstract :Asthma and COPD have characteristic symptoms, yet patients with both are prevalent. Despite this, there is currently no globally accepted definition for the overlap between asthma and COPD, commonly referred to as asthma–COPD overlap (ACO). Generally, ACO is not considered a distinct disease or symptom from either clinical or mechanistic perspectives. However, identifying patients who present with both conditions is crucial for guiding clinical therapy. Similar to asthma and COPD, ACO patients are heterogeneous and presumably have multiple underlying disease processes. The variability of ACO patients led to the establishment of multiple definitions describing the condition’s essential clinical, physiological, and molecular characteristics. ACO comprises numerous phenotypes, which affects the optimal medication choice and can serve as a predictor of disease prognosis. Various phenotypes of ACO have been suggested based on host factors including but not limited to demographics, symptoms, spirometric findings, smoking history, and underlying airway inflammation. This review provides a comprehensive clinical guide for ACO patients to be used in clinical practice based on the available limited data. Future longitudinal studies must evaluate the stability of ACO phenotypes over time and explore their predictive powers to facilitate a more precise and effective management approach

Keywords : ACO; asthma; COPD; phenotype; clinical guide; personalized medicine; precision medicine

Research Title :The effect of omega-3 supplements on the serum levels of ACE/ACE2 ratio as a potential key in cardiovascular disease: A randomized clinical trial in participants with vitamin D deficiency

Authors : Daboul, S.M., Abusamak, M., Mohammad, B.A., Alsayed, A.R., Habash, M., Mosleh, I., Al-Shakhshir, S., Issa, R. and Abu-Samak, M

Abstract :Objective: The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to determine the effect of the omega-3 fatty acid supplementations 300 mg per day for 8 weeks on the serum levels of ACE/ACE2 ratio in Jordanian participants with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Methods: The physical and clinical characteristic of individuals in both intervention and control randomized controlled clinical trial were measured and analyzed. The comparisons between the two groups and the changes in each group before and after taking omega-3 doses were studied through independent t test and paired t test, respectively. Possible factors that have a role in the changes were determined by multivariate stepwise regression. Follow-up period lasted 10 weeks. Results: The sample consisted of 82 participants with VDD and a mean age of 37.85 ± 9.85 years. Omega-3 Supplements resulted in a significant decrease in serum ACE levels, ACE/ACE2 ratio and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD). While the change in serum ACE2 levels and serum triglycerides levels were insignificant. Also, a significant increase in serum LDL levels were observed. Conclusion: It is possible that taking high doses of omega-3 fatty acid supplementations have positive effects on the heart and circulatory system and could protect from COVID-19 or decrease disease severity, in connection with a decrease in the ACE/ACE 2 ratio. On the other hand, omega-3 supplement may have negative effect on cardiovascular system due to the significant increase in serum LDL levels.

Keywords :25- hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD); ACE; ACE/ACE2 ratio; ACE2; non-HDL; omega-3; vitamin

Research Title :The discovery of potential tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme inhibitors via implementation of K Nearest Neighbor QSAR analysis

Authors : Habash, M., Alshakhshir, S., Awwad, S. and Abu-Samak, M

Abstract :Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of coffee consumption rate with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in females with vitamin D deficiency. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out by studying the records of 270 Jordanian females aged 18-65 years with varying degrees of vitamin D deficiency. Following completion of the questionnaire regarding their anthropometric characteristics and coffee consumption rate during the preceding 3 months, the participants were required to provide blood samples for analysis to measure 25-hydroxyvitamin D and lipid profile levels including non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. Results: The current study demonstrated that coffee consumption rate and vitamin D deficiency were significantly positively connected with the total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (p = .003) in women with vitamin D deficiency. In addition, vitamin D deficiency alone correlated positively with non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (p = .010) and (p = .002), respectively. Conclusion: Higher coffee consumption rate among women with vitamin D deficiency significantly elevated total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio that may increase woman's risk of hyperlipidemia

Keywords :TC/HDL ratio; VDD; coffee consumption; lipid profile; non-HDL

Research Title :Co-infection of COVID-19 patients with atypical bacteria: A study based in Jordan

Authors : Alsayed, A.R., Hasoun, L., Khader, H.A., Abu-Samak, M.S., Al-Shdifat, L.M., Al-Shammari, B. and Maqbali, M.A

Abstract :Objective: The aim of this work was to know the prevalence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in Jordan. Also, to assess a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in detecting these two bacteria. Methods: This is a retrospective study performed over the last five months of the 2021. All nasopharyngeal specimens from COVID-19 patients were tested for C. pneumonia, and M. pneumoniae. The C. pneumoniae Pst-1 gene and M. pneumoniae P1 cytadhesin protein gene were the targets. Results: In this study, 14 out of 175 individuals with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (8.0%) were co-infected with C. pneumoniae or M. pneumoniae. Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and C. pneumoniae was reported in 5 (2.9%) patients, while 9 (5.1%) patients had M. pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. The mean (± std) of the correlation coefficient of the calibration curve for real-time PCR analysis was -0.993 (± 0.001) for C. pneumoniae and -0.994 (± 0.003) for M. pneumoniae. The mean amplification efficiencies of C. pneumoniae and M. Pneumoniae were 187.62% and 136.86%, respectively. Conclusion: In this first study based in Jordan, patients infected with COVID-19 have a low rate of atypical bacterial co-infection. However, clinicians should suspect co-infections with both common and uncommon bacteria in COVID-19 patients. Large prospective investigations are needed to give additional insight on the true prevalence of these co-infections and their impact on the clinical course of COVID-19 patients.

Keywords : Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Jordan; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; coronavirus; polymerase chain reaction

Research Title :Combined Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D 3 on Oxidized LDL-C and Non-HDL-C Levels in People With Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Authors :Amani Mehdawi 1, Beisan A Mohammad 2, Ibrahim Mosleh 3, Heba A Khader 4, Maha Habash 5, Razan I Nassar 1, Shady Awwad 6, Luai Hasoun 1, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak 1

Abstract :The present randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted on Jordanian participants with vitamin D deficiency (VDD) with no other medical conditions, to evaluate the combined effect of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 3 (Vit.D 3 ) and omega-3 fatty acid (n-3FA) supplements (D+) on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels as common predictors of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Participants were randomized into 4 groups as follows: a control group (C) that received no supplementations, a Vit.D 3 group that received 50,000 IU of Vit.D 3 every week, an n-3FA group that received 300 mg of omega-3 fatty acid every day, and a D+ group that received a combination of both supplements, with the same dosage administered by the previous groups but with a 4-6-hour time interval between Vit.D 3 and n-3FA administration to avoid any possible interaction. All supplementations were administered orally for 8 weeks. Forty-seven participants were allocated to each group. Twenty-six in the control group, 37 participants in the Vit.D 3 group, 37 participants in the n-3FA group, and 46 participants in the D+ group completed the study to the end. The D+ supplementations significantly increased non-HDL-C (118.99 ± 60.98 to 155.26 ± 43.36 mg/dL, P << 0.05) but decreased Ox-LDL-C levels (69.29 ± 37.69 to 52.81 ± 17.30 pg/mL, P = 0.03). The stepwise regression showed that the serum LDL-C level was the main independent variable involved in the elevation of non-HDL levels (R 2 = 0.837) observed at the end of the trial in the D+ group. The groups that were supplemented with either Vit.D 3 alone or n-3FA alone had an insignificant decrease in the level of Ox-LDL-C. In conclusion, despite the observed hyperlipidemic effect, the combination treatment is recommended by the research team because the decrease in Ox-LDL may offset the hyperlipidemic effect

Keywords :vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D3; omega-3 fatty acids; non-HDL; oxidized-LDL cholesterol; LDL-C, TG

Research Title :The combination of omega-3 fatty acids with high doses of vitamin D3 elevate A1c levels: A randomized Clinical Trial in people with vitamin D deficiency

Authors :Abeer Barham 1, Beisan Mohammad 2, Luai Hasoun 1, Shady Awwad 3, Ibrahim Mosleh 4, Ahmad Aljaberi 5, Mahmoud Abu-Samak

Abstract :Purpose: This randomised clinical trial (RCT) was created to assess the influence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (VD3 ), omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) and their combination (D+) on glycated haemoglobin (A1c) levels in Jordanian peoples with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Participants and methods: This RCT was designed to examine the follow-up (2 months) effect of either 50 000 IU VD3 , 300 mg n-3FA, or the combination of the two supplements on glycated Haemoglobin (A1c) levels in 146 Jordanian women and men with VDD, aged from 25 to 55 years. The eligible participants were randomised into four groups: Control (C); VD3 supplementation (50 000 IU of VD3 was taken weekly) (D3 ); n-3FA supplementation (300 mg of omega-3FA was taken daily) (n-3FA); VD3 and omega-3 supplementation group (D+) with the same protocol as the previous two groups. Results: The combination therapy (n-3FA plus VD3) for 8 weeks significantly increased A1c levels (5.79 ± 0.34 vs 5.41 ± 0.33, P < .001). Tukey test for post hoc comparisons of A1c at follow-up showed that the A1c mean levels were remarkably higher in the D+ study group comparing to the control group (5.78 vs 5.38). Conclusion: The intervention of n-3FA alone or in combination with high doses of VD3 may lead to negative effects on glycaemic control or accelerate the insulin resistance's development in susceptible people for diabetes mellitus (type 2).

Keywords : vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D3; omega-3 fatty acids; n-3FA ,VD3

Research Title :Assessing the effect of omega-3 fatty acid combined with vitamin D3 versus vitamin D3 alone on estradiol levels: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in females with vitamin D deficiency

Authors : Amani H Al-Shaer,Mahmoud S Abu-Samak, Luai Z Hasoun, Beisan A Mohammad, and Iman A Basheti

Abstract :Purpose: Outcomes investigating the effect of vitamin D3 (VD3) and omega-3 fatty acids (Omega-3FA) on serum estradiol (E2) are scarce and conflicting. No previous study has investigated the effect of VD3 combination with Omega-3FA on E2 levels. This study was designed to investigate the effect of VD3, Omega-3FA and VD3 plus Omega-3FA on serum E2 levels in premenopausal females diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Subjects and methods: This randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effects of 50,000 IU VD3 taken weekly, 300 mg Omega-3FA taken daily and their combination by the study participants for 8 weeks. The mid-follicular serum levels of E2 and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) were assessed at 8 weeks. The study was conducted during winter on a convenience sample of healthy premenopausal Jordanian females with diagnosed VDD. Fasting serum levels for 25OHD and E2 were assessed at baseline and the end of the trial (after 8 weeks). Data were entered into SPSS and analyzed. Results: Healthy premenopausal Jordanian females (N=86) with diagnosed VDD, mean age 32.8±8.9 years, were recruited into the study. Supplementation of VD3 alone resulted in a significant increase in serum 25OHD (13.4±7.9-28.2±7.1 ng/mL, P<0.001) and a significant decrease in E2 levels (85.7±16.5-60.3±20.6 pg/mL, P=0.001). Omega-3FA intake led to a significant decrease in serum 25OHD levels (21.2±12.8-13.6±9.2 ng/mL, P=0.001) and a significant increase in E2 levels (56.3±19.2-78.4±23.7 pg/mL, P=0.006). Combination therapy (VD3 plus Omega-3FA) resulted in a significant increase in both 25OHD (12.0±4.7-35.1±9.5 ng/mL, P<0.001) and E2 (43.0±23.4-57.3±31.5 pg/mL, P=0.028) levels. Conclusion: Results of this study provide vital insight into the effects of D3, Omega-3FA and a combination of their supplementation on premenopausal Jordanian females with diagnosed VDD. Eight weeks of therapy led to decreased E2 level by VD3 and increased level by Omega-3FA supplementation. With regard to 25OHD, its level was increased by VD3 and decreased by Omega-3FA supplementation. Combination of VD3 plus Omega-3FA increased the levels of both E2 and 25OHD. Trial registration: This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03333564.

Keywords : vitamin D3, omega-3 fatty acids, serum levels of estradiol, premenopausal females, vitamin D deficiency, cancer

Research Title :Factors Affecting the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Vitamin D Supplement Use among adults: A Multi-Arab countries study

Authors : Muna Barakat, Shaymaa B Abdulrazzaq, Midya Baban, Amin Omar, Ayah Kamal, Reem Alzayer, Mohamed Hassan Elnaem, Doaa H Abdelaziz, Noha O Mansour, Nermeen Talaat, Wala’a Al Safadi, Raja’a A Al-Qudah, Mahmoud Abu Samak, Mohammad AA Al-Najjar

Abstract : Background Vitamin D, an essential fat-soluble metabolite, plays a critical role in various physiological functions and human growth and development. This study investigates the factors influencing the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the population regarding vitamin D supplementation. Methods A self-administered questionnaire was distributed via social media platforms. Statistical analysis involved frequency, percentages, and simple/multiple-linear regression analysis to assess study predictors. Results A total of 1340 responses were obtained from four countries: Saudi Arabia (n = 412, 30.8%), Egypt (n = 400, 29.9%), Jordan (n = 310, 23.1%), and Iraq (n = 217, 16.2%). Median knowledge scores (± IQR) in Egypt, Jordan, and Iraq indicated a moderate level of understanding regarding vitamin D supplementation (11 ± 3, 11 ± 2, and 11 ± 3, respectively), whereas Saudi Arabia exhibited lower levels of knowledge (7 ± 2). Neutral attitudes toward vitamin D were observed across all countries, while Jordan and Iraq showed good median practice scores (17 ± 5, 16 ± 5), compared to moderate levels in Saudi Arabia and Egypt (13 ± 3, 15 ± 5), respectively. Multi-linear regression analysis indicated that in Saudi Arabia, younger respondents exhibited higher knowledge, attitudes, and practice scores, while individuals working in the non-health sector displayed higher attitudes and practice scores (p-value = 0.06, 0.009,

Keywords : C. albicans.; E. coli; P. aeruginosa; S. aureus; Vitamin D3; amphotericin B; gentamicin; omega 3.

Research Title : Quantification of Bioactive Compounds in Coffea Arabica and Their Impact with Omega-3 Supplementation on Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Levels in Hyperlipidemia-Induced Rats

Authors :Al-Zoubi, Sojoud M.; Awwad, Shady H.; Issa, Reem A.; Daraosheh, Ahmad Q.; Al-Qaisi, Talal; Farah, Husni; Omari, Khaled W.; Mohammad, Beisan A.; Amer, Mumen; Khuzaie, Rula F.; and Abu-Samak, Mahmoud S.

Abstract : his study aims to evaluate the levels of coffee lipids, diterpenes, chlorogenic acid (CGA), and caffeine in coffee samples with different roasting levels. Additionally, it aims to assess the impact of coffee extracts with/without omega-3 supplementation on lipid profile parameters. Liquid-liquid and soxhlet extraction, and quantitation were performed using HPLC-DAD. Two groups of Wistar rats were used: non-hyperlipidemic and hyperlipidemic. Blood samples were collected before and after hyperlipidemia induction after six weeks. The lipid profile: total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglyceride (TG), non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL), and total cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio (TC/HDL) were determined. A positive correlation between coffee lipids, diterpenes, and caffeine levels with the coffee’s roasting degree was found, and a negative correlation for CGA. The study was conducted on rats fed with a healthy and hyperlipidemia-induced diet. Green coffee had a significant effect on the lipid profile of non-hyperlipidemic rats. It lowered the levels of TG, LDL, and TC/HDL, and raised HDL and non-HDL levels significantly compared with the control group. In combination, green coffee and omega-3 lowered TC, TG, LDL, non-HDL, and TC/HDL levels. Green coffee alone or in combination with (omega-3) lowered lipid profile parameters but increased non-HDL levels in non- and hyperlipidemic induced-rats.

Keywords : Caffeine, Chlorogenic acid, Coffee, Diterpenes, Lipid profile, Omega-3

Research Title : A comparison of the effect of omega-3 alone versus omega-3/Vitamin D3 co-supplementation therapy on 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in adults with vitamin D deficiency

Authors :Beisan A Mohammad, Ghaleb Ali Oriquat, Heba A Khader, Ahmad R ALSAYED, Husni Shukri FARAH, Jehad F Alhmoud, Mohammad AA Al-Najjar, Luai Hasoun, Shaimaa M Abdelhalim, Shady H Awwad, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak

Abstract :Background: Omega-3 fatty acid (n-3FA) supplementation may improve total hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels in people with normal or low vitamin D levels. However, there was no agreement on the potential therapeutic benefit of n-3FA on vitamin D toxicity. Objective: The current randomized controlled clinical study (RCT) sought to determine if daily omega-3 fatty acid (n-3FA) supplementation affected 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels. Methods: One hundred and twenty Jordanians aged 22 to 55 were randomly allocated into three groups supplemented with the dose of 50,000 IU VD3 taken weekly (D3) alone, 300 mg n-3FA taken daily (n-3FA) alone, or their combination (50,000 IU VD3 taken weekly + 300 mg n-3FA taken daily (D+). In addition, fasting baseline and follow-up (ten weeks; eight weeks supplementation plus two weeks washout) of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and leptin were assayed. Results: The n-3FA supplementation significantly decreased mean serum 25OHD levels (11.97±4.6 vs 16.5±4.8, P<0.001) compared with their peers in the D3 group who showed a significant increase in 25OHD levels (41.15±11.7 vs 19.34±6.8, P<0.001). The follow-up PTH mean levels were proportionally accompanied by significant alterations of 25OHD levels in the two study groups. Conclusions: This novel RCT provides that eight weeks of n-3FA therapy significantly reduced 25OHD levels, which adverse effects may accompany vitamin D status and its health-related consequences, such as bone homeostasis, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19 conditions

Keywords : vitamin d3, omega-3, vitamin d toxicity, cardiovascular disease, covid-19 Published article link

Research Title : Effect of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and their combination on selected atherogenic biomarkers in a high-fat diet rat model

Authors :Amal H. Abu Sadah, Reem Issa, Husni Farah, Ghaleb Oriquat, Shady H. Awwad, Ibrahim Mosleh, Beisan A. Mohammad, Ahmad Aljaberi, Mohammad Al-Najjar, Mahmoud S. Abu-Samak

Abstract :Findings concerning eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as well as omega-3 (n-3FA) effects on lipid profile and biomarkers of atherosclerosis progression are still highly debated. The current study was designed to evaluate and compare the effect of EPA, DHA, and their combination in the form of n-3FA on serum non-high-density lipoprotein (NHC), oxidized-low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), Lipoprotein(a) Lp(a), and other lipid profile parameters levels in rats with high-fat diet model. Based on the diet and supplementation model, six groups (n = 6 per group) of male Westar rats were distributed as follows: standard diet (SD), high-fat diet (FD); FD + atorvastatin (ATV), FD + omega-3 (n-3FA), FD + EPA (EPA), and FD + DHA (DHA). The results have shown a significant higher mean NHC levels in the DHA and n-3FA groups than in the EPA group (27.52 ± 2.92 vs. 43.23 ± 8.98 and 45.65 ± 5.08 mg/ dl, respectively, p < 0.001). In addition, the mean levels of total cholesterol and Lp(a) levels were significantly higher in DHA than in EPA (35.8 ± 2.04 vs. 51.8 ± 6.33 mg/dl, 2.42 ± 0.71 vs. 4.41 ± 1.14 ng/dl, p < 0.001). Significant higher mean Ox-LDL levels were observed in n-3FA than in DHA (p < 0.001) or EPA (p < 0.05). No significant in mean Ox-LDL levels was observed between EPA and DHA study groups (t = 3.62, p = 0.1387). The current study findings revealed the potential advantages of EPA supplements but not DHA supplements alone or their combination with EPA in the common form known as omega-3 for preventing or treating hyperlipidemia.

Keywords : Omega-3, DHA, EPA, Ox-LDL, non-HDL, lipid profile, lipidemia

Research Title : Corneal stromal mapping characteristics in normal corneas using anterior segment SD-OCT

Authors : Mohammad Abusamak, Sara Mazen Issa, Amal F Alomari, Husam A Alsalamat, Nour S Haj Ali, Abdallah Izmegna, Mais Shawashreh, Mahmoud Abu Samak, Talal M Abusamak

Abstract :This study investigated how normal corneal stromal profiles change with age, sex, and corrected intraocular pressure (IOP). A retrospective observational analytical study was conducted in Jordan, employing anterior segment spectral-domain optical coherence tomography AS-OCT, a measured corneal stromal thickness (CST) in 134 eyes across the central 6-mm corneal diameter. People between the ages of 18 and 79 were included, and the mean CST values were linked to age groups, IOP, and cis-gender populations, with the exclusion of certain eye conditions. The central stroma was thinnest at 484.6 (±32.6) μm, contrasting with the outer peripheral superior zone’s maximum thickness at 549.3 (±40.6) μm. A positive correlation between CST and the 30–49 age group was noted. In conclusion, this study highlights a centrifugal CST distribution, with the central stroma being the thinnest and the superior stroma being the thickest. AS SD-OCT, employing novel algorithms, proves vital in refractive surgery planning and corneal disease diagnosis. The research offers valuable insights into age, gender, and IOP interactions with corneal stromal characteristics, enhancing clinical strategies for corneal pathologies in the Jordanian population

Keywords :

Research Title : DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A NOVEL STABILITYINDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS QUANTITATION OF AMLODIPINE, GLIMEPIRIDE AND PERINDOPRIL ARGININE

Authors : SHADY AWWAD1*, SAMAR THIAB1 , REEM ISSA2 , HASSAN ABUL-FUTOUH3 , LAITH MH ALSHDIFAT1 , AHMAD ALJABERI 4 , ASAAD SHAHIN5 , DIMA ALBALS6 , BEISAN MOHAMMAD7 , MAHMOUD ABU-SAMAK8

Abstract :An accurate, precise, simple and stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitation of perindopril arginine (PA), amlodipine (AML) and glimepiride (GLM) in solution in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines. The HPLC analysis was performed using a Supelcosil LC-18 column (25 cm × 4 mm × 5 µm), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, with wavelength of detection at 220.0 nm for PA, AML and GLM. The optimised mobile phase consisted of a mixture of acetonitrile, methanol and phosphate buffer in the ratio of (20:50:30) (v/v/v) which was adjusted to pH 3.5 ± 0.1 with o-phosphoric acid. The proposed method was validated for linearity, system suitability, accuracy, precision (intra- and inter-day) and robustness. The HPLC results displayed good separation and resolution in a total analysis time of 16 minutes where PA, AML and GLM were eluted at retention times of 4.408 min, 5.415 min and 12.189 min, respectively. The optimised method displayed good linearity over the concentration range of 0.25 - 2.00 mg/mL for PA and 0.10 - 0.75 μg/mL for AML and GLM. The recoveries ranged from 98.0 to 102.0% and the RSD% values were found to be less than 2.00 for all drugs. The combination of three drugs was exposed to several forced degradation studies such as acid, base, neutral, thermal, oxidative and photolytic conditions. The forced degradation studies indicated that the optimised method is valid for stability studies.

Keywords :amlodipine, glimepiride, perindopril arginine, HPLC, validation, stability

Research Title : The Effect of Stressful Conditions on Biochemical and Hematological Parameters Among University Students

Authors : Rahaf M Al-Zubaidi, Husni S Farah, Khaled A Ahmed, Esam Y Qnais, Sana M Audeh, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak

Abstract :University students are more susceptible to stress and other mental health problems, which can have a negative impact on their health and academic performance. The main objective of the present study was to explore the influence of exam stress on various biochemical and hematological parameters among university students. The study involved 100 undergraduate students (n= 100) aged between 18 and 35. Blood samples were collected from each student three times. The first sample was taken one week before the exam, the second on the day of the exam, and the third 10 days after the exam. Various tests were carried out to evaluate the impact of academic stress on different parameters, such as Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), Glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT), glucose, iron, magnesium, sodium, potassium, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), cortisol, insulin, complete blood count, and blood pressure. Blood samples obtained during exams indicated a substantial decrease in the levels of liver enzymes (GOT, GPT), serum magnesium, insulin, and white blood cell count as compared to pre-post examination findings (P< 0.001). A significant increase was recorded in electrolyte levels (sodium and potassium; P< 0.001), blood pressure (systolic and diastolic; P< 0.001), glucose level (P< 0.001), Hormones level (TSH; P< 0.001, cortisol; P< 0.001), and platelet counts (P< 0.002). The study has revealed that exam stress can significantly impact certain blood test results, leading to physical changes that could affect a student's academic performance. This study is significant because it explores the impact of stress on tests that …

Keywords : Stress, hematological parameters, biochemical parameters, Examination period, university students.

Research Title : The effect of vitamin D3 and omega-3 combination, taken orally, on triglycerides, lining of intestine, and the biodiversity of gut microbiota in healthy rats

Authors : Shaymaa B Abdulrazzaq, Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Amin Omar, Muna Barakat, Lujain F Alzaghari, Ibrahim Mosleh, Moath Al-Najjar, Mohammad AA Al-Najjar

Abstract :Aim The gut microbiota plays a key role in host health. An intake of omega-3 and vitamin D3 in a separate manner is vital for maintaining good health of gut microbiota and controlling some illness manifestations. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential change in biodiversity of the gut microbiome in healthy rats supplemented with vitamin D3, omega-3 alone and their combination and to reflect onto the triglyceride levels in serum and fecal samples. Methods and results Using the 16S rRNA gene Miseq Illumina NGS, and monitoring triglyceride levels in serum and fecal samples coupled with several clinical parameters, we examined the effect of orally taken combination of omega-3 and vitamin D3 alongside the separate intake of supplements on gut microbiota in 24 healthy white Wistar rats for six weeks. The study findings showed that combination treatment encouraged the growth of opportunistic Clostridia class during day 21 and 42 of treatment by 7.7 and 7.4 folds, respectively, exhibited incomplete absorption levels for both supplements when used concomitantly, demonstrated a damaging effect on the gut intestinal lining wall thickness (126 µm) when compared to control group (158 µm), increasing lumen diameter (400 µm), and showed higher triglyceride level in fecal samples. Conclusions These findings indicate that omega-3 and vitamin D3 supplements as combination intake reveal unfavorable effects, thus, it is advised to conduct further in-depth studies to clarify the presence or absence of any chemical interaction between both supplements’ molecules and to investigate based on human model to attain a superior perspective.

Keywords : microbiota, microorganisms, opportunistic, pathogens, vitamin D3, omega-3

Research Title : The effect of roasting degrees on bioactive compounds levels in Coffea arabica and their associations with glycated hemoglobin levels and kidney function in diabetic rats

Authors : Ola Al-Tamimi, Shady Helmi Awwad, Reem Issa, Talal Al-Qaisi, Husam Abazid, Ahmad Daraosheh, Beisan Mohammad, Tsvetanka Filipova, Mahmoud Abu-Samak

Abstract :The current study aims to assess the content of coffee oil, diterpenes, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid in coffee beans, and to evaluate the effects of roasting degrees on bioactive compound levels in Coffea arabica and their associations with glycated hemoglobin levels and kidney function parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. These constituents were quantified using Soxhlet, liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detecto (DAD). The outcomes exhibited a positive correlation between levels of coffee oil and diterpenes with a roasting degree. However, it demonstrated a negative correlation between caffeine and chlorogenic acid with a roasting degree. The male rats were categorized into two sections: healthy (nondiabetic) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic groups. Rats have daily administrated 2 ml of coffee extract using an oral gavage subjected to different roasting degrees for 3 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), urea, and creatinine in serum were assayed at baseline and end of the experiment. The highest significant elevation (Pa = 0.016) in the mean urea and creatinine levels was noted in the diabetic group administrated with dark coffee extract whereas the lowest elevation was in the diabetic group administrated with green coffee extract. In conclusion, our study has shown that coffee roasting degree may have a potential negative effect on kidney function that may accelerate or exacerbate diabetic nephropathy in induced diabetic rats. A noteworthy change in urea levels was observed in diabetic rats treated with dark-roasted coffee, which might be attributed to the decline in antioxidant constituents: chlorogenic acids and diterpenes.

Keywords :Nephropathy, coffee quantification , diabetes, caffeine, chlorogenic acids

Research Title : Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) of Body Segment Composition as an Obesty Assessment Tool Among Jordanians

Authors : Herzallah, S. M.; Alkhalaileh, N.; Sundookah, A.; Dabbour, I.; Abu-Samak, M.; Olaimat, A.; Al-Dmoor, H.; Majali, M.

Abstract :Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a body composition assessing technique for estimating body components; fat, and muscle mass, and body water (BW) by measuring the electrical resistance in ohm (Ω) of those components with response to the flow of a small electrical current through the body. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to investigate the relationships between segmental body composition, obesity and body mass index (BMI). The analysis in this study involved the use of InBody 370S equipment to conduct the body composition study of 48 adult participants (30 females and 18 males) at the Applied Science Private University (ASU) School of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, between October, 2019 and January, 2020, Jordan. Anthropometric parameters such as weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and waist-to-hip (W/H) ratio for each individual were measured. The values indicated that BMI of 26.5 for males and 25.42 for females and body composition such as body fat mass (BFM), protein, and visceral fat level (VFL) of females of BMI > 30 was 39.82 compared to 32.60 for males of the same category. The VFL for female individuals was higher than males (13.0 and 17.5) of the same BMI category. The results of BIA analysis, lean body mass, and body muscle mass were found to be significantly (p <0.05 ) correlated in obese adult females but not in obese males, where the body fat mass (BFM) of females with BMI > 30 was 39.82±4.35 compared to 32.6±3.67 for males of the same group. Additionally, the BFM (−3.86**), segmental muscle mass (SMM) was 0.784**, and total body water (TBW) of −0.658** were all indirectly correlated at (p <0.01) with the BIA impedance evaluated as Z(Ω) at 250 kHz. However, the lean mass of the left arm ( −0.662**) and left leg muscle (− 0.514**) were found to be significantly correlated (p < 0.01) and lower in identified obese females compared to non-obese individuals. The findings demonstrate the strong correlation between lean and fat segmental analysis values, and the level of obesity and segmental analysis for male and female individuals can be taken into consideration in obesity and disease prevention.

Keywords : BIA; obesity; segmental analysis; body composition; BMI; WHR; VFL

Research Title : Effect of weekly high-dose vitamin D3 supplementation on the association between circulatory FGF-23 and A1c levels in people with vitamin D deficiency: A randomized controlled 10-week follow-up trial

Authors : Sara M Alimam, Jehad F Alhmoud, Heba A Khader, Ahmad R Alsayed, Mohammad Abusamak, Beisan A Mohammad, Ibrahim Mosleh, Khalid Abu Khadra, Ahmad Aljaberi, Maha Habash, Luai Hasoun, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak

Abstract :Purpose: This randomized clinical trial (RCT) was designed to assess the effect of vitamin D supplementation (VD3) on the relationship between the levels of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) and osteocalcin factor (OSC) with glycated hemoglobin (A1c) values in the blood in a sample of Jordanian males and female adults with vitamin D deficiency. Subjects and methods: This RCT was designed to randomly split (78) eligible participants into two groups: experimental (Group A) and interventional (Group B). Group B was supplemented with a weekly dose of 50,000 IU VD3 for eight weeks. Fasting baseline and follow-up (10 weeks; 8 weeks supplementation plus washout two weeks) of serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), fibroblast growth factor-23, (FGF- 23), glycosylated hemoglobin (A1c), parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and phosphorus were assayed. A paired T-test was used to assess the changes in fibroblast growth factor-23, A1c, and OSC levels over the follow-up period. RESULTS: Significant increase in follow-up level of 25OHD (40.04 ± 11.61 vs. 15.35 ± 5.41, PC < 0.001), FGF-23 (114.04 ± 103.8 vs. 87.40 ± 82.21, PA = 0.02) and A1c (5.63 ± 0.33 vs. 5.38 ± 0.32, PA = 0.01). Conclusion: High doses of vitamin D supplementation (50,000 IU/week) may have potentially negative effects on glycemic control, which might be related to changes in serum osteocalcin than in FGF23 levels.

Keywords :vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D3, fibroblast growth factor-23, A1c, OSC

Research Title : The variations of selected serum cytokines involved in cytokine Storm after Omega-3 daily supplements: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Jordanians with vitamin D deficiency

Authors :Rafeef AL Khaled, Jehad F Alhmoud, Reem Issa, Heba A Khader, Beisan A Mohammad, Ahmad R Alsayed, Khalid Abu Khadra, Maha Habash, Ahmad Aljaberi, Luai Hasoun, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak

Abstract :The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing unsaturated free fatty acids (n-3FA) on the levels of specific cytokines associated with cytokine storm in the blood of 72 Jordanian individuals (both men and women) who had insufficient vitamin D. The study was conducted using a randomized controlled design (RCT). Individuals eligible for the study were randomly assigned to either the n-3FA supplemented (intervention) group or the non-supplemented (control) group. The intervention group received 1,000 mg of wild salmon and fish oil complex, which is equivalent to 300 mg of n-3FA, for a duration of eight weeks, while the control group did not. Blood tests to assess tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), lipid profile, and fasting blood sugar were conducted at baseline and after ten weeks (with a two-week washout period). Additionally, interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were measured. Our research indicates that taking n-3FA supplements significantly raised IL-1 β, IL-6, and IL-10 levels compared to their initial levels. However, TNF-α levels did not show any significant changes. The interesting results of this randomized controlled trial could be due to a possible harmful effect of n-3FA supplementation during cytokine storms (CS), specifically on IL-6. Therefore, additional clinical studies are needed in the target patients during cytokine storm to determine if this supplement could affect the treatment with IL-6 antagonists.

Keywords :Omega-3, unsaturated fatty acid, cytokine storm, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α

Research Title : Effect of Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. on body weight and Leptin/Ghrelin in standard and high-fat diet

Authors : Reem Issa, Mahmoud Abu Samak, Manal M Abbas, Talal Al-Qaisi, Razan Obeidat, Bayan Ghanim, Nidal Qinna

Abstract :The necessity of maintaining healthy habits, diet and minimal medical complications is challenging. The current study investigates Equisetum ramosissimum on levels of leptin, ghrelin, and their ratio in association with body weight changes in animals receiving standard and high-fat diet. Ethanolic extract was prepared by maceration and total phenols and flavonoids contents were determined using Folin-cicalto and AlCl3 methods. Study animals were fed with either standard or high-fat diets prior treatment with E. ramosissimum extract (500mg/kg). Body weights were monitored and serum concentrations of leptin, ghrelin and their ratios were determined. The plant extract comprised total phenols and flavonoids of 0.03 ± 0.01 mg/mg as Gallic acid, and 0.04 ± 0.03 mg/mg as quercetin, respectively. Findings revealed significant decrease in body weights of standard-diet animals and restoration of weight to normal after treatment with extract along with significant increase in serum ghrelin concentrations with strong correlation R and R2 values in respect to body weight. As well, significant reduction in serum leptin/ghrelin ratio was positively correlated with body weight and serum leptin levels. E. ramosissimum extract possessed promising characteristics on being introduced in dietary supplements and weight control regimens. The current study presented the influence of extract in decreasing body weight in animals fed with standard diet. Moreover, it restored the weights of obese animals which received the extract after gaining weight and being on high-fat diet. Further preclinical studies are warranted to reveal the translational potentials of E …

Keywords :Branched horsetail, leptin, ghrelin, diet, metabolic syndromes

Research Title : Molecular Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes Using Respiratory Sample from Pneumonia Patients

Authors : Eman Abdullah Alsuof, Ahmad R Alsayed, Manar Saleh Zraikat, Heba A Khader, Luai Z Hasoun, Mamoon Zihlif, Osama Abu Ata, Malek A Zihlif, Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Mohammed Al Maqbali

Abstract :Antibiotic resistance makes the treatment of pneumonia challenging. Effective management depends on accurate diagnostic techniques to identify resistance genes and customize drugs. This study primarily aimed to identify antibiotic resistance genes in respiratory samples from patients with pneumonia using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the prevalence of specific resistance genes and analyze clinical factors contributing to antibiotic resistance, as well as to provide actionable insights into resistance patterns in Jordan and support efforts to improve pneumonia management. Methods This retrospective observational study included 114 patients who were diagnosed with pneumonia. Clinical data, including prior antibiotic exposure and treatment history, were collected. PCR diagnostics were used to detect resistance genes in respiratory samples. In this study, we evaluated 14 antibiotic resistance genes in pneumonia pathogens, highlighting their diverse resistance mechanisms. Results Mec A was the most frequently detected gene, appearing in 87 samples (77.3%). Additionally, Tem in 80 samples (70.2%), Oxa-48-like in 15 samples (13.2%), and Ctx-M-1 in 38 samples (33.3%) were among the most commonly detected genes. In contrast, Oxa-40-like (7.0%), Vim (8.8%), and Imp (4.4%) genes exhibited a lower prevalence. The Oxa-51-like gene showed the only significant association with ertapenem resistance (p-value = 0.046). Further analysis revealed statistically significant associations between Mec A and methicillin resistance (p < 0.001), underscoring its critical role. However, other genes, such as …

Keywords : antimicrobial; antibiotic-resistant genes; hospital; epidemiology; pneumonia

Research Title : Impactul fitopreparatului hemareg d asupra indicilor eritrocitari pe fondalul diabetului experimental

Authors :Iurie Bacalov, Aurelia Crivoi, Elena Chiriţa, Adriana Druţa, Samac Mahmud Suleiman

Abstract :Medicinal plants are essential in naturopathic medicine because of their biologically active effects that treat various health problems without causing addiction or side effects. Phytocomplexes accelerate and normalize metabolism, regenerate intestinal villi and detoxify the body, having hypoglycemic effects and numerous other therapeutic benefits. The study was carried out on white laboratory rats, divided into four groups. Diabetes mellitus was induced by the administration of 5% alloxan solution. The hematological analyzes were performed using the hematological analyzer Erma PCE 210. The phytopreparation Hemareg D includes: Echinacea purpureia, Potentilla alba and Taraxacum officinale. Research results have identified a decrease in the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit in experimental diabetes, but the administration of the phytopreparation kept these values close to normal limits. The VSH, on the contrary, was increased in diabetes, and in the group where the animals received the phytopreparation Hemareg D on the background of alloxan diabetes, this index remained at normal values.

Keywords :

Research Title :The Antimicrobial Activity of Combination of Vitamin D3 and Omega-3 against Pathogenic Microorganisms. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen

Authors : Al-Najjar MAA, Abdulrazzaq SB, Al-Shaer S, Barakat M, Omar A, Zrieq R, Hasen E, Abu Samak M

Abstract :Food supplements such as vitamin D3 and omega-3 have a significant role in activating the immune system and impacting the diversity of gut microbiota; thus, controlling the growth of invading pathogens indirectly. Objective This study aims to evaluate the direct antimicrobial activity of vitamin D3 and omega-3 individually, combined together, and combined with low concentrations of gentamicin or amphotericin B against selected pathogenic microorganisms. In addition, this study hypothesizes the potential antimicrobial mechanism and recommends suitable studies to be conducted. Method Minimum inhibitory concentration of different serial dilutions of vitamin D3 [0.7 μg/mL-83.3 μg/mL] or omega-3 [0.7 mg/mL-100mg/mL] or combined [vitamin D3: 1.3 μg/mL-83.3 μg/mL and omega-3: 1.56 mg/mL-100mg/mL] with/without antibiotic have been investigated on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans using check board technique. Results The highest concentration of vitamin D3 [83.3 μg/mL] demonstrated a complete eradication of the tested microorganisms. Conversely, omega-3 had a lower effect on them. The highest concentration of combining vitamin D3 and omega-3 with/without gentamicin resulted in a complete eradication of the S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa with a 6.8 to 7 log reduction. On the other hand, C. albicans was inhibited when using vitamin D3 [83.3 μg/mL] or when this concentration is combined with 100mg/mL of omega-3. However, when these two concentrations were added to amphotericin B the log reduction dropped to 0.45 suggesting antagonistic effect …

Keywords :C. albicans.; E. coli; P. aeruginosa; S. aureus; Vitamin D3; amphotericin B; gentamicin; omega 3.

Research Title : Nephroprotective effects of Equisetum ramosissimum L. extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Authors : Raheeq Khairy Abdullah, Reem A Issa, Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Beisan A Mohammad, Manal A Abbas, Shady Helmi Awwad

Abstract : Diabetes is a widespread health issue that impacts people all over the globe. The Equisetum ramosissimum L. plant has numerous traditional uses and pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic effects. The objective of this study was to thoroughly examine the advantages of incorporating extracts from the aerial components of E. ramosissimum to control diabetic nephropathy. The phytochemical constituents of E. ramosissimum extract were explored using phytochemical and HPLC analysis, focusing on phenols and flavonoid content. The effect of plant extract was evaluated on different kidney function parameters linked to diabetic nephropathy (fasting blood glucose, creatinine, uric acid, and urea) in streptozotocin induced-diabetic rats. Histopathological changes in the liver were also examined. The results showed methanol and ethanol extracts of E. ramosissimum have a total content of phenols (equivalent to gallic acid, 7.62 and 8.97 mg/g) and flavonoids (equivalent to quercetin, 8.87 and 12.86 mg/g), respectively. After conducting the UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, it was found that both the methanol and ethanol extracts contained isoferulic acid, ISO-Orientin, myristic acid, linoelaidic acid, rutin, and 3-Glu-7-Rha quercetin. Additionally, isoferulic acid, myristic acid, linoelaidic acid, rutin, and 3-Glu-7-Rha quercetin were present in the extracts. The ethanol extract of E. ramosissimum significantly impacted STZ-induced diabetic mice by reducing their fasting blood glucose levels, and their creatinine and urea levels (P< 0.005). In conclusion, E. ramosissimum ethanol extract has shown potential effects to counteract some diabetes consequences

Keywords : Equisetum ramosissimum, diabetes, nephroprotective, kidney functions, phenols, flavonoids

Research Title : The effect of roasting degrees on bioactive compounds levels in Coffea arabica and their associations with glycated hemoglobin levels and kidney function in diabetic rats

Authors :OA Tamimi, SH Awwad, R Issa, T Al-Qaisi, H Abazid,…… Mahmoud Abu-Samak

Abstract : The current study aims to assess the content of coffee oil, diterpenes, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid in coffee beans, and to evaluate the effects of roasting degrees on bioactive compound levels in Coffea arabica and their associations with glycated hemoglobin levels and kidney function parameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. These constituents were quantified using Soxhlet, liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detecto (DAD). The outcomes exhibited a positive correlation between levels of coffee oil and diterpenes with a roasting degree. However, it demonstrated a negative correlation between caffeine and chlorogenic acid with a roasting degree. The male rats were categorized into two sections: healthy (nondiabetic) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic groups. Rats have daily administrated 2 ml of coffee extract using an oral gavage subjected to different roasting degrees for 3 weeks. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), urea, and creatinine in serum were assayed at baseline and end of the experiment. The highest significant elevation (Pa = 0.016) in the mean urea and creatinine levels was noted in the diabetic group administrated with dark coffee extract whereas the lowest elevation was in the diabetic group administrated with green coffee extract. In conclusion, our study has shown that coffee roasting degree may have a potential negative effect on kidney function that may accelerate or exacerbate diabetic nephropathy in induced diabetic rats. A noteworthy change in urea levels was observed in diabetic rats treated with dark-roasted coffee, which might be attributed to the …

Keywords :Nephropathy, coffee, quantification, diabetes, caffeine, chlorogenic acids.

Research Title : Correlation of High Serum Leptin Levels with selected stress-associated salivary hormones in Arab Healthy Young Men

Authors : Reem Issa, Mahmoud Abu Samak, Manal M Abbas, Talal Al-Qaisi, Razan Obeidat, Bayan Ghanim, Nidal Qinna

Abstract :Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Beisan A Mohammad, Shady H Awwad, Abeer Barham, Ahmed Abu-zaiton 2023/12/30. Jordan Journal of Applied Science-Natural Science Series. 17 : 2 Abstract Background: Allostatic load is accompanying the youth’s modern lifestyle. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of stress markers such as salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) hormone levels in Arab young men with high levels of leptin. Methods: 118 males aged 18–26 years, were eligible to participate in a retrospective cross-sectional study. Participants were categorized into two groups: moderate levels of serum leptin (< 7 ng/ml) and high levels of leptin levels (≥ 7 ng/ml). Serum leptin, salivary cortisol and DHEA, lipid profile, and fasting blood glucose were assayed for each participant. Results: A significant decrease in the mean levels of morning salivary-DHEA was observed in high levels of leptin compared to moderate levels of serum leptin study group (p< 0.0001). A significant increase was also observed in mean values of body weight and body-mass index. A positive correlation was observed between morning salivary-DHEA and serum-leptin levels in all subjects (p= 0.003). Pearson correlation showed significant correlations between morning salivary-DHEA, body weight, body mass index, and triglyceride. Conclusion: The serum leptin level was proportional to the DHEA/cortisol imbalance that was associated with allostatic load and the inability to accommodate stress in male youth.

Keywords : Branched horsetail, leptin, ghrelin, diet, metabolic syndromes

Research Title : The Effect of Weekly 50,000 IU Vitamin D3 Supplements on the Serum Levels of Selected Cytokines Involved in Cytokine Storm: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Adults with Vitamin D Deficiency.

Authors : Bader, D.A., Abed, A., Mohammad, B.A., Aljaberi, A., Sundookah, A., Habash, M., Alsayed, A.R., Abusamak, M., Al-Shakhshir, S. and Abu-Samak, M.

Abstract :This research aimed to evaluate the effects of high-dose cholecalciferol (VD3) supplements (50,000 IU/week) on selected circulating cytokines associated with cytokine storms in adults with vitamin D deficiency. This clinical trial, based in Jordan, included 50 participants receiving vitamin D3 supplements (50,000 IU/week) for 8 weeks; the exact number was assigned to the control group. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrotic factor-α (TNF-α), and leptin were measured in serum at baseline and 10 weeks (wash out: 2 weeks). Our results revealed that vitamin D3 supplementation significantly increased the serum levels of 25OHD, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, and leptin compared with baseline. In contrast, the serum level of TNF-α insignificantly increased in the group receiving vitamin D3 supplementation. Although the observations of this trial may refer to a potential negative effect of VD3 supplementation during cytokine storms, further trials are required to clarify the potential benefits of VD3 supplement during cytokine storms.

Keywords : vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D3; cytokine; storm; interleukin 6; interleukin 10; interleukin 1β; TNF-α

Research Title :Asthma-COPD Overlap in Clinical Practice

Authors :Alsayed, A.R., Abu-Samak, M.S. and Alkhatib, M

Abstract :Asthma and COPD have characteristic symptoms, yet patients with both are prevalent. Despite this, there is currently no globally accepted definition for the overlap between asthma and COPD, commonly referred to as asthma–COPD overlap (ACO). Generally, ACO is not considered a distinct disease or symptom from either clinical or mechanistic perspectives. However, identifying patients who present with both conditions is crucial for guiding clinical therapy. Similar to asthma and COPD, ACO patients are heterogeneous and presumably have multiple underlying disease processes. The variability of ACO patients led to the establishment of multiple definitions describing the condition’s essential clinical, physiological, and molecular characteristics. ACO comprises numerous phenotypes, which affects the optimal medication choice and can serve as a predictor of disease prognosis. Various phenotypes of ACO have been suggested based on host factors including but not limited to demographics, symptoms, spirometric findings, smoking history, and underlying airway inflammation. This review provides a comprehensive clinical guide for ACO patients to be used in clinical practice based on the available limited data. Future longitudinal studies must evaluate the stability of ACO phenotypes over time and explore their predictive powers to facilitate a more precise and effective management approach.

Keywords : ACO; asthma; COPD; phenotype; clinical guide; personalized medicine; precision medicine

Research Title : The effect of omega-3 supplements on the serum levels of ACE/ACE2 ratio as a potential key in cardiovascular disease: A randomized clinical trial in participants with vitamin D deficiency

Authors :Daboul, S.M., Abusamak, M., Mohammad, B.A., Alsayed, A.R., Habash, M., Mosleh, I., Al-Shakhshir, S., Issa, R. and Abu-Samak, M

Abstract :Objective: The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to determine the effect of the omega-3 fatty acid supplementations 300 mg per day for 8 weeks on the serum levels of ACE/ACE2 ratio in Jordanian participants with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Methods: The physical and clinical characteristic of individuals in both intervention and control randomized controlled clinical trial were measured and analyzed. The comparisons between the two groups and the changes in each group before and after taking omega-3 doses were studied through independent t test and paired t test, respectively. Possible factors that have a role in the changes were determined by multivariate stepwise regression. Follow-up period lasted 10 weeks. Results: The sample consisted of 82 participants with VDD and a mean age of 37.85 ± 9.85 years. Omega-3 Supplements resulted in a significant decrease in serum ACE levels, ACE/ACE2 ratio and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD). While the change in serum ACE2 levels and serum triglycerides levels were insignificant. Also, a significant increase in serum LDL levels were observed. Conclusion: It is possible that taking high doses of omega-3 fatty acid supplementations have positive effects on the heart and circulatory system and could protect from COVID-19 or decrease disease severity, in connection with a decrease in the ACE/ACE 2 ratio. On the other hand, omega-3 supplement may have negative effect on cardiovascular system due to the significant increase in serum LDL levels.

Keywords : 25- hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD); ACE; ACE/ACE2 ratio; ACE2; non-HDL; omega-3; vitamin

Research Title : The discovery of potential tumor necrosis factor alpha converting enzyme inhibitors via implementation of K Nearest Neighbor QSAR analysis

Authors :Habash, M., Alshakhshir, S., Awwad, S. and Abu-Samak, M

Abstract :Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association of coffee consumption rate with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in females with vitamin D deficiency. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out by studying the records of 270 Jordanian females aged 18-65 years with varying degrees of vitamin D deficiency. Following completion of the questionnaire regarding their anthropometric characteristics and coffee consumption rate during the preceding 3 months, the participants were required to provide blood samples for analysis to measure 25-hydroxyvitamin D and lipid profile levels including non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio. Results: The current study demonstrated that coffee consumption rate and vitamin D deficiency were significantly positively connected with the total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (p = .003) in women with vitamin D deficiency. In addition, vitamin D deficiency alone correlated positively with non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (p = .010) and (p = .002), respectively. Conclusion: Higher coffee consumption rate among women with vitamin D deficiency significantly elevated total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio that may increase woman's risk of hyperlipidemia.

Keywords :TC/HDL ratio; VDD; coffee consumption; lipid profile; non-HDL

Research Title : Co-infection of COVID-19 patients with atypical bacteria: A study based in Jordan

Authors : Alsayed, A.R., Hasoun, L., Khader, H.A., Abu-Samak, M.S., Al-Shdifat, L.M., Al-Shammari, B. and Maqbali, M.A

Abstract :Objective: The aim of this work was to know the prevalence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in Jordan. Also, to assess a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in detecting these two bacteria. Methods: This is a retrospective study performed over the last five months of the 2021. All nasopharyngeal specimens from COVID-19 patients were tested for C. pneumonia, and M. pneumoniae. The C. pneumoniae Pst-1 gene and M. pneumoniae P1 cytadhesin protein gene were the targets. Results: In this study, 14 out of 175 individuals with confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (8.0%) were co-infected with C. pneumoniae or M. pneumoniae. Co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and C. pneumoniae was reported in 5 (2.9%) patients, while 9 (5.1%) patients had M. pneumoniae and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection. The mean (± std) of the correlation coefficient of the calibration curve for real-time PCR analysis was -0.993 (± 0.001) for C. pneumoniae and -0.994 (± 0.003) for M. pneumoniae. The mean amplification efficiencies of C. pneumoniae and M. Pneumoniae were 187.62% and 136.86%, respectively. Conclusion: In this first study based in Jordan, patients infected with COVID-19 have a low rate of atypical bacterial co-infection. However, clinicians should suspect co-infections with both common and uncommon bacteria in COVID-19 patients. Large prospective investigations are needed to give additional insight on the true prevalence of these co-infections and their impact on the clinical course of COVID-19 patients.

Keywords : Chlamydophila pneumoniae; Jordan; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; coronavirus; polymerase chain reaction.

Research Title : Combined Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid and Vitamin D 3 on Oxidized LDL-C and Non-HDL-C Levels in People With Vitamin D Deficiency: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Authors :Amani Mehdawi 1, Beisan A Mohammad 2, Ibrahim Mosleh 3, Heba A Khader 4, Maha Habash 5, Razan I Nassar 1, Shady Awwad 6, Luai Hasoun 1, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak 1

Abstract :The present randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted on Jordanian participants with vitamin D deficiency (VDD) with no other medical conditions, to evaluate the combined effect of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D 3 (Vit.D 3 ) and omega-3 fatty acid (n-3FA) supplements (D+) on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels as common predictors of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Participants were randomized into 4 groups as follows: a control group (C) that received no supplementations, a Vit.D 3 group that received 50,000 IU of Vit.D 3 every week, an n-3FA group that received 300 mg of omega-3 fatty acid every day, and a D+ group that received a combination of both supplements, with the same dosage administered by the previous groups but with a 4-6-hour time interval between Vit.D 3 and n-3FA administration to avoid any possible interaction. All supplementations were administered orally for 8 weeks. Forty-seven participants were allocated to each group. Twenty-six in the control group, 37 participants in the Vit.D 3 group, 37 participants in the n-3FA group, and 46 participants in the D+ group completed the study to the end. The D+ supplementations significantly increased non-HDL-C (118.99 ± 60.98 to 155.26 ± 43.36 mg/dL, P << 0.05) but decreased Ox-LDL-C levels (69.29 ± 37.69 to 52.81 ± 17.30 pg/mL, P = 0.03). The stepwise regression showed that the serum LDL-C level was the main independent variable involved in the elevation of non-HDL levels (R 2 = 0.837) observed at the end of the trial in the D+ group. The groups that were supplemented with either Vit.D 3 alone or n-3FA alone had an insignificant decrease in the level of Ox-LDL-C. In conclusion, despite the observed hyperlipidemic effect, the combination treatment is recommended by the research team because the decrease in Ox-LDL may offset the hyperlipidemic effect.

Keywords : vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D3; omega-3 fatty acids; non-HDL; oxidized-LDL cholesterol; LDL-C, TG.

Research Title :The combination of omega-3 fatty acids with high doses of vitamin D3 elevate A1c levels: A randomized Clinical Trial in people with vitamin D deficiency

Authors : Abeer Barham 1, Beisan Mohammad 2, Luai Hasoun 1, Shady Awwad 3, Ibrahim Mosleh 4, Ahmad Aljaberi 5, Mahmoud Abu-Samak 1

Abstract :Purpose: This randomised clinical trial (RCT) was created to assess the influence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (VD3 ), omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) and their combination (D+) on glycated haemoglobin (A1c) levels in Jordanian peoples with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Participants and methods: This RCT was designed to examine the follow-up (2 months) effect of either 50 000 IU VD3 , 300 mg n-3FA, or the combination of the two supplements on glycated Haemoglobin (A1c) levels in 146 Jordanian women and men with VDD, aged from 25 to 55 years. The eligible participants were randomised into four groups: Control (C); VD3 supplementation (50 000 IU of VD3 was taken weekly) (D3 ); n-3FA supplementation (300 mg of omega-3FA was taken daily) (n-3FA); VD3 and omega-3 supplementation group (D+) with the same protocol as the previous two groups. Results: The combination therapy (n-3FA plus VD3) for 8 weeks significantly increased A1c levels (5.79 ± 0.34 vs 5.41 ± 0.33, P < .001). Tukey test for post hoc comparisons of A1c at follow-up showed that the A1c mean levels were remarkably higher in the D+ study group comparing to the control group (5.78 vs 5.38). Conclusion: The intervention of n-3FA alone or in combination with high doses of VD3 may lead to negative effects on glycaemic control or accelerate the insulin resistance's development in susceptible people for diabetes mellitus (type 2).

Keywords : vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D3; omega-3 fatty acids; n-3FA ,VD3

Contact us

Prof. Mahmoud Abu-Samak

Latest News

Dr. Amin Omar Serves as Judge on the Final Day of the Research Training Program 2026

Advanced Bioinformatics Lecture on Precision Medicine

Training 2 Oral Exam