Dry Biosolids Reuse as Costless Biodegradable Adsorbent for Cadmium Removal from Water Systems
Authors : Tarek G. Ammari Majida Al-Hadidi Noor Al-Kharabsheh Dima Khater Saeid Abu-Romman
Abstract : The recycling of untreated dry biosolids, as costless biodegradable adsorbent for the removal of cadmium from aqueous phase was characterized. The adsorption of cadmium was reported to depend on initial pH, adsorbent dose, agitation time, and initial Cd concentration. The results of the batch experiments revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity of the untreated dry biosolids was 39.22 mg g-1 under optimum operating conditions (i.e. pH: 5, adsorbent dose: 2 g l-1, contact time: 16h). Adsorption reaches equilibrium after 16h, which can be attributed to both external surface adsorption (R2 = 0.86) and intraparticle diffusion (R2 = 0.98). The Langmuir isotherm model best described cadmium adsorption (R2 = 0.99) and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was obeyed, suggesting that the mechanism involved was chemisorption. Biodegradability would make the recovery of adsorbed Cd an environmentally friendly process. Comparing the obtained findings with the related published results, it can be concluded that treating biosolids might be an unnecessary and costly procedure for recycling biosolids as an adsorbent for cadmium.
Keywords : adsorption Cd-contaminated environment untreated biosolids intraparticle diffusion model Langmuir isotherm model
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Semi-volatile organic pollutants in Jordanian surface water
Authors : Yahya R.Tahboub Mohammad F.Zaater Dima F.Khater
Abstract : Jordan relies heavily on rainwater stored in reservoirs because it has extremely limited alternative water resources. These reservoirs are essential for drinking water and irrigation, so monitoring their water quality is extremely important. In this study we monitored 55 semi-volatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) in monthly samples from the Zarqa River and three reservoirs between April and August 2010, and also screened the samples for non-target pollutants. Twelve SVOCs were detected and quantified at King Talal Dam followed by ten at Zarqa River and four each at Wadi Al-Arab and Mujib dams. Phenol and phthalate esters were detected at wide range concentrations (0.01–25 µg/L) in all water samples. Phenol has the highest level at the Zarqa River (18.5 ± 5.5 µg/L) followed by King Talal (12.5 ± 2.5 µg/L) and Wadi Al-Arab (2.5 ± 0.63 µg/L). Phthalate esters (total) were detected at the Zarqa River, King Talal, WadiAl-Arab, and Mujib dams at levels 3.85, 3.75, 1.03 and 0.12 µg/L. Other contaminants, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were detected at low concentrations in the King Talal Dam reservoir and Zarqa River samples. Two non-targeted phosphate plasticizers, tri-n-butylphosphate and tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate were identified in the July and August Zarqa River samples. A comparison study reveals that SVOC pollution of surface water in Jordan is within acceptable international limits, but long-term monitoring programs should be implemented.
Keywords : Water pollutionWater treatmentPlasticizersPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon GC–MS
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Liposomes: structure, composition, types, and clinical applications
Authors : Hamdi Nsairat, Dima Khater, Usama Sayed, Fadwa Odeh, Abeer Al Bawab, Walhan Alshaer
Abstract : Liposomes are now considered the most commonly used nanocarriers for various potentially active hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules due to their high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity. Liposomes also proved to enhance drug solubility and controlled distribution, as well as their capacity for surface modifications for targeted, prolonged, and sustained release. Based on the composition, liposomes can be considered to have evolved from conventional, long-circulating, targeted, and immune-liposomes to stimuli-responsive and actively targeted liposomes. Many liposomal-based drug delivery systems are currently clinically approved to treat several diseases, such as cancer, fungal and viral infections; more liposomes have reached advanced phases in clinical trials. This review describes liposomes structure, composition, preparation methods, and clinical applications.
Keywords : Liposomes, Phospholipids, Lamellarity, Stealth liposomes, Vaccinations
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SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES (ENROFLOXACIN, CIPROFLOXACIN, DOXYCYCLINE AND CHLORAMPHENICOL) IN MILK OF JORDAN MARKET
Authors : HASAN Y. MUTI DIMA F. KHATER AHMAD M. KHALAF AHMAD N. ABU-AWWAD TAWFIQ A. ARAFAT
Abstract : A new multi-residue analytical method for simultaneous determination of four antibiotic residues (doxycycline (DOX), enrofloxacin (EN), ciprofloxacin (CP) chloramphenicol (CAM) in cow’s milk has developed and validated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, was successfully applied to investigate commercially available cow’s milk in Jordan. The analytes including etoricoxib as IS were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction and separated from their matrix chromatographically by using Fortis UniverSil Cyano column (50 × 2.1 mm, 5 µm), eluted by a mobile phase of 0.5 mM ammonium chloride /methanol /formic acid (35 : 65 : 0.08%, v/v) and delivered isocratically at a constant flow rate of 0.4 mL/min for total LC run time of 1 min. Twenty-six cow’s milk samples from different brands of dry powder milk, long shelf-life milk, and raw untreated milk were collected randomly from the Jordanian market and analyzed in the triplicate analysis. The calibration curve was linear within the dynamic range of 10 1000 ng/mL in spiked milk for each analyte and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.9973 for all calibration curves during validation. The internal standard-normalized matrix effects extend from 0.901 to 1.11. The intra-assay and inter-assay precision normalized matrix effects extend from 0.901 to 1.11. The within-day and between-day precision ranged from 2.60-12.71% and 2.68-12.66%, respectively, and the relative error of accuracy does not exceed 15%. The results obtained are less than the approved stated regulatory guidelines and all samples screened were found to be free of any of the antibiotics tested
Keywords : antibiotic residues, milk, LC-MS/MS
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Simultaneous Determination of Indapamide, Amlodipine Besylate and Perindopril Arginine Combined in Tablet Dosage Form Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors : Mohammad B. Metwally Dima F. Khater, Eyad S. M. Abu-Nameh Yazan AlRashdan Ali M. Qaisi Maher Salim
Abstract : We developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of a single-pill triple therapy containing: Indapamide, Amlodipine Besylate, and Perindopril. The validation parameters are tested by following the international conference of harmonization (ICH) guidelines. The three components were successfully separated in just 14 minutes. The aforementioned components were well-separated on an Inertsil C8- column (250mm x 4.6mm, 5µm) using a mobile phase prepared by mixing of Triethylamine counter ion solution (pH 3.0) with Acetonitrile at a fixed ratio of 2:1. Analysis was performed at a wavelength of 205 nm, eluent flow rate and column oven temperature was 1.5 ml/min, and 40°C, respectively. Linearity was observed in the concentration ranges of (20-30) µg/mL for Indapamide, and (80-120) µg/mL for both Amlodipine Besylate and Perindopril Arginine. We found the recovery percentages to be 99.98%, 101.04%, and 100.58% for Perindopril Arginine, Amlodipine Besylate, and Indapamide, respectively. Further, we found the detection limits to be 0.38 µg/mL, 0.99 µg/mL and 3.65 µg/mL, and the obtained quantitation limits were 1.16 µg/mL 3.01 µg/mL, and 11.06 µg/mL for Indapamide, Amlodipine Besylate, and Perindopril Arginine, respectively.
Keywords : Simultaneous Determination; Indapamide; Amlodipine Besylate; Perindopril Arginine; HPLC; Validation.
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Impact of Nanoscale Magnetite and Zero Valent Iron on the Batch-Wise Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste and Waste-Activated Sludge
Authors : Ghada Kassab Dima Khater Fadwa Odeh Khaldoun Shatanawi Maha Halalsheh Mazen Arafah Jules B. van Lier
Abstract : As a potential approach for enhanced energy generation from anaerobic digestion, iron-based conductive nanoparticles have been proposed to enhance the methane production yield and rate. In this study, the impact of two different types of iron nanoparticles, namely the nano-zero-valent-iron particles (NZVIs) and magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) was investigated, using batch test under mesophilic conditions (35 C). Magnetite NPs have been applied in doses of 25, 50 and 80 mg/L, corresponding to 13.1, 26.2 and 41.9 mg magnetite NPs/gTS of substrate, respectively. The results reveal that supplementing anaerobic batches with magnetite NPs at a dose of 25 mg/L induces an insignificant effect on hydrolysis and methane production. However, incubation with 50 and 80 mg/L magnetite NPs have instigated comparable positive impact with hydrolysis percentages reaching approximately 95% compared to 63% attained in control batches, in addition to a 50% enhancement in methane production yield. A biodegradability percentage of 94% was achieved with magnetite NP doses of 50 and 80 mg/L, compared to only 62.7% obtained with control incubation. NZVIs were applied in doses of 20, 40 and 60 mg/L, corresponding to 10.8, 21.5 and 32.2 mg NZVIs/gTS of substrate, respectively. The results have shown that supplementing anaerobic batches with NZVIs revealed insignificant impact, most probably due to the agglomeration of NZVI particles and consequently the reduction in available surface area, making the applied doses insufficient for measurable effect
Keywords : anaerobic co-digestion food wastes waste-activated sludge nano magnetite; iron oxide nanoparticles nano zero-valent iron sewage sludge nano particles organic wastes
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Design, Preparation, and Characterization of Effective Dermal and Transdermal Lipid Nanoparticles: A Review
Authors : Dima Khater Hamdi Nsairat Fadwa Odeh Mais Saleh Areej Jaber Walhan Alshaer Abeer Al Bawab Mohammad S. Mubarak
Abstract : Limited permeability through the stratum corneum (SC) is a major obstacle for numerous skin care products. One promising approach is to use lipid nanoparticles as they not only facilitate penetration across skin but also avoid the drawbacks of conventional skin formulations. This review focuses on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid nanocarriers (NLCs), and nanoemulsions (NEs) developed for topical and transdermal delivery of active compounds. A special emphasis in this review is placed on composition, preparation, modifications, structure and characterization, mechanism of penetration, and recent application of these nanoparticles. The presented data demonstrate the potential of these nanoparticles for dermal and transdermal delivery.
Keywords : dermal and transdermal delivery; solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN); lipid nanocarriers (NLC); stratum corneum (SC)
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Lipid nanostructures for targeting brain cancer
Authors : Hamdi Nsairat Dima Khater Fadwa Odeh Fedaa AlAdail`eh Suma Al-Taher Areej M Jaber Walhan Alshaer Abeer Al Bawab Mohammad S Mubarak
Abstract : Advancements in both material science and bionanotechnology are transforming the health care sector. To this end, nanoparticles are increasingly used to improve diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy. Huge research is being carried out to improve the design, efficiency, and performance of these nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are also considered as a major area of research and development to meet the essential requirements for use in nanomedicine where safety, compatibility, biodegradability, biodistribution, stability, and effectiveness are requirements towards the desired application. In this regard, lipids have been used in pharmaceuticals and medical formulations for a long time. The present work focuses on the use of lipid nanostructures to combat brain tumors. In addition, this review summarizes the literature pertaining to solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (LNC), methods of preparation and characterization, developments achieved to overcome blood brain barrier (BBB), and modifications used to increase their effectiveness
Keywords : Lipid nanoparticles Blood brain barrier (BBB) Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) Lipid nanocarriers (LNC) Glioblastoma
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