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Nidhal Saada

Research

​​​​​Research Title :Water Evaporation and Soil Suction Measurements of different Soil Types in Jordan”. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 13(1), pp.1-9, 2024.

Authors :Monther Abdel Hadi, Nidhal Saada, and Jumana Hussary ​

Abstract :Jordan is considered a semi-arid region with an average annual precipitation of 111 mm/year. Therefore, it is essential to study and understand the soil properties to reduce water losses and maximize water storage within the land. The current research offers the results of evaluating the evaporation rates and the soil suction for four types of soils, Silica sand, Brown clay, Limestone and Marlstone in Jordan. An experimental approach was conducted for the evaluation of evaporation from a soil column, made up of one single soil type and single gradation, for measured soil properties and climatic conditions. Using the filter paper approach, the matric and total suction were measured for the same samples at different saturation levels. Results show that the evaporation rates start to decline from the potential evaporation to lower rates of actual evaporation. The results also show a direct relationship between the evaporation rate and saturation. In addition, the soil suction test results show an inverse relationship between suction, degrees of saturation, particle size and texture of the soil. It is recommended to use small particle-sized Limestone to reduce evaporation in Jordan. It is also recommended to use Brown clay in deeper soil layers due to its ability to suction water to the surface of unsaturated soils. Finally, further studies could be conducted to investigate the percentage of soils to be mixed with the original ones and the proper soil layering and their effective thicknesses

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​​​​​Research Title :UTILIZING NATURAL ADDITIVES IN STABILIZING CLAYEY SOIL”. Journal of Applied Engineering Science, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2023.

Authors : Bassam Z. Mahasneh, Omer N. Maaitah, Nafeth Abdel Hadi, Hmood Mubeideen, Omar K. Alghazawi4, Nidhal M. Saada​

Abstract :Some Clayey soil in Alkarak is stabilized using Cement and natural resources including zeolites and Dead Sea Sand (DSS)(south of Jordan). To examine how different additives can be used to improve the mechanical and physical qualities of problematic clayey soil, field and laboratory experiments have been done. Clayey soils are surface deposits that vary in thickness and mineral makeup. With varying percentages, the two main components are kaolinite and montmorillonite. Due to Jordan's semi-arid location and the soil's unsaturated state, Clayey soils are very vulnerable to changes in moisture content due to their sheet-like structure. As a result, infiltration depth varies depending on the area. The Ca-montmorillonite content and moisture content, which change between the summer and winter seasons, determine how troublesome Clayey soils respond, including swelling and shrinkage to varying degrees. Utilizing 4%(DSS), 12%(Zeolites), and up to 12%(Ordinary Portland Cement) improved the physical and mechanical qualities of the examined clayey soil. The Clayey soil could be improved by the 4% fixing percentage of (DSS). 12% of zeolites, meanwhile, improve the clayey soil's qualities. The physical characteristics of Clayey soil could be enhanced by mixing up to 12% ordinary Portland cement with it.

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​​​​​Research Title :Characterization of the High Swelling Green Clay in the Vicinity of Amman Area, The Open Civil Engineering Journal, Vol.15, pp. 360 - 369. 2021.

Authors : ​Monther Abdel Hadi, Ibrahim Khliefat , Nafeth Abdelhadi, Nidhal Saada

Abstract :Introduction: Jordan is awarded huge areas in the north and western part of the country in which brown and green clay is dominant. This research focuses on the problems and behaviour of the green clay only. The main problem of the green clay is its high swelling pressure which is the main cause of excessive settlement and wall cracks in buildings, especially during the wet season. Methods: This study aims to investigate the engineering properties and behaviour of the green clay deposits in the Amman area, which will serve as a guide for both geotechnical and structural engineers when preparing the foundation design. Results: Based on the consolidation test, the investigated green clay showed high swelling pressure of 3.11 kg/cm2, liquid limit (LL) of 73%, plasticity index (PI) of 40%, the shrinkage limit (SL) of 12%, and liquidity index (LI) of 0.125. The moisture content at saturation is 35.14%, while the natural moisture content is 28%, dry density is 1407 kg/m3, cohesion (C) is 0.20 kg/cm2 and unconfined compressive strength is 1.05 kg/cm2. The XRD results of the clay size fraction have confirmed the presence of the expansive clay mineral smectite as the essential clay mineral together with kaolinite. Results provide a general understanding of the behaviour and properties of the green clay, and the regression analysis showed good correlations between the liquid limit and initial moisture content with the compression index and also between the initial void ratios with the swelling index. Conclusion: Changes in the volume are due to the unsaturation level of clay when provided with initial water content.

Keywords : Consolidation, Cohesion, Compressive strength, Green clay, Swelling, Plasticity of clays.

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​​​​​Research Title :Application of Stochastic Analysis, Modeling and Simulation (SAMS) to selected hydrologic data in the Middle East. Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, Vol.9, No.3, 4261-4264, 2019.

Authors : Nidhal Saada, Mustafa Abdullah, Arwa Hamaideh, and Ali Abu-Romman​

Abstract :Water resources in the Middle East are very scarce and the management of these resources is a challenge. In this paper, the use of stochastic analysis, modeling, and simulation (SAMS) software package to selected hydrologic data in the Middle East (namely Jordan and Saudi Arabia) are explored. Modeling and simulation experiments were conducted to test the capabilities of SAMS to be used for stochastic modeling and simulation in the Middle East region. The hydrologic data used in this study consist of historic observed rainfall data of different lengths at various sites in Jordan and Saudi Arabia. The models used in this study include: autoregressive moving average (ARMA) models, periodic autoregressive moving average (PARMA) models, multi-site contemporaneous autoregressive moving average (CARMA) models, and temporal disaggregation models. Results indicate that SAMS can be used as a tool for stochastic modeling and simulation of hydrologic data in Jordan and Saudi Arabia. It is important for managers and decision makers of water resources in these countries to be able to use sophisticated tools such as SAMS while deciding water management policies in these countries.

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​​​​​Research Title :Free Convection MHD Couette Flow with Application of Periodic Temperature and Constant Heat Flux on Walls”, Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research, Vol.9, No.2, 3707-3711, 2019.

Authors : ​Mustafa Abdullah and Nidhal Saada

Abstract :Numerical analysis and analytical solution were performed to study the free convection in transient Couette flow of an electrically conducting fluid confined between two vertical parallel plates. Constant heat flux on the wall with uniform vertical motion in its own plane and periodic temperature on the stationary wall were applied. The dimensionless governing momentum and energy equations are solved numerically using a fully implicit finite difference method. An analytical solution using eigenfunction expansion method is carried out for temperature profile in case of constant plate temperature. Analytical and numerical results converge at a satisfactory degree. The effect of different physical parameters on the transient velocity and temperature, such as Grashof’s number (Gr), magnetic parameter (M), Prandtl number (Pr) and temperature frequency are also studied. It is found that the velocity increases with an increase in Gr and time, while it decreases with an increase in Pr and M.

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​​​​​Research Title :Multi-site Modeling and Simulation of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in Jordan”. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, v.14, 83-91, 2017.

Authors : Saada, Nidhal and Abu-Romman, Ali​

Abstract :Study region Five rainfall stations located in the north west mountain region in Jordan. Study focus In this study, monthly precipitation data is analyzed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at time scale of 12 months (SPI-12). The multi-site Contemporaneous Autoregressive Moving Average (CARMA) model was used to model the SPI-12 data. New hydrological insight for the region Simulation experiments with the CARMA (1,1) model reveal that the model performed well in fitting the SPI-12 data. The model was also capable of preserving the cross correlation structure of the observed SPI-12 between the studied sites. Shorter time scale SPI’s (such as the 1 and 3 months) were not used due to the fact that Jordan is an arid country and the reliability of SPI’s is questionable at the shorter time scales. These results would be important and beneficial in regional studies of water resources in Jordan such as investigating droughts on a regional level rather than on a single site. Also, the results of this study would be important and beneficial for rural areas where no observed data exists.

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​​​​​Research Title :Simulation of Long Term Characteristics of Annual Rainfall in Selected Areas in Saudi Arabia”. Computational Water, Energy, and Environmental Engineering, 4 (2), 18-24. 2015.

Authors : Saada, Nidhal​

Abstract :Simulation experiments with different stochastic models were conducted to investigate the long term characteristics of rainfall in Saudi Arabia using selected Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) models. The results of the study indicated that the ARMA models were able to capture the long term statistics for one of the rainfall records investigated (Surat Obeida). However, the other rainfall record investigated in this study (Malaki) was characterized with a slow and long decaying structure and a high Hurst coefficient indicating the possibility of non-stationarity of the data. Trend analysis (Pettitt test) of the data revealed that a break point or a shift in the record happened around 1983 at Malaki. As a result, ARMA models should not be used in modeling the rainfall data at that station.

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​​​​​Research Title :Time Series Modeling Of Monthly Rainfall In Arid Areas: Case Study For Saudi Arabia”. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 10 (3), 277-282. 2014.

Authors :Saada, Nidhal ​

Abstract :Stochastic techniques are essential in planning and management of water resources systems especially in arid and semi-arid areas where water is scarce. The forecasting of future events requires identifying proper stochastic models to be used in this process. For this purpose, a Periodic ARMA (PARMA) model and a temporal disaggregation models were used in this study to investigate weather they are appropriate for modeling the monthly rainfall data in Saudi Arabia. Results showed PARMA and temporal disaggregation models performed well in modeling the monthly rainfalls in Saudi Arabia. These models were able to preserve the basic seasonal statistics of the observed data well as preserving the seasonal correlation structure observed in the historical data. However, the PARMA model did not perform well at the annual level. In contrast, the disaggregation model performed well in preserving the correlation structure of the historical data at the annual level. Thus, these models can be used in modeling and forecasting of monthly rainfall in Arid and semi-arid areas.

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