HPLC/ UV/ FLUORESCENCE DETECTION OF SEVERAL PHARMACEUTICALS IN SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT WASTEWATERS OF JORDAN, Volume 19 – No 5. 2010. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
Authors : Waed R. Alahmad and Mahmoud A. Alawi
Abstract : A multi-residue HPLC/UV/Fluorescence method was developed for a screening of the most consumed pharmaceuticals (methotrexate, caffeine, diclofenac, glimepiride, ibuprofen) in Jordan. The analytes were identified (μg/L concentrations) in wastewater, and identification was confirmed using spiked samples. The separation was done on a RP-C8 column at a flow-rate of 1 ml/min using H2O/ acetonitrile (1/1) with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid as eluent. Aliquots (200 ml of each sample) were extracted and cleanedup using C18 cartridges (500 mg). Wastewater samples were gathered from three sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Amman/Jordan and two hospital outer drains, and maximum concentrations for methotrexate, caffeine, glimepiride,
ibuprofen and diclofenac were found to be 699, 1187, 90, 66 and 65 μg/L. There are differences in the efficiency of removing the studied pharmaceuticals from STPs. This could be referred
to the different treatment systems, the nature and the concentration of the drugs in wastewater. In this work, the % removal efficiency of the studied drugs was found to range between 25-100%.
Keywords : HPLC, UV, fluorescence detectors, pharmaceuticals, sewage treatment plants (STPs), wastewater, hospital wastewater.
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Kinetic Study of Photocatalytic Degradation of Several Pharmaceuticals Assisted by SiO2/ TiO2 Catalyst in Solar Bath System, Volume 3 – No 2. July 2010, 126-136. Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Authors : Waed R. Alahmad / Mahmoud A. Alawi
Abstract : The photo-catalytic degradation of five pharmaceuticals using TiO2 modified with SiO2, and sun light was monitored. The initial concentrations used in the solar bath system were100 μg/L for caffeine, diclofenac, glimepiride and ibuprofen, and 25 μg/L for methotrexate. Kinetic disappearance of caffeine, diclofenac, glimepiride and ibuprofen shows pseudo- first order kinetics, while methotrexate shows a zero order kinetic degradation which was monitored using HPLC/UV at λ = 225 nm, F = 1ml/min and on a C8 reversed phase column. The rate constants for diclofenac (wastewater 0.3238 sec-1, distilled water 0.4057 sec-1), glimepiride (wastewater 0.2203 sec-1, distilled water 0.2771 sec-1), ibuprofen (wastewater 0.2802 sec-1, distilled water 0.2411 sec-1), caffeine (distilled water 0.416 sec-1) and methotrexate (distilled water 3.1407 mole L-1 sec-1). The removal efficiency for the drugs was ranged between 79% and 96%.
Keywords : Kinetics, Photo-catalytic degradation, Pharmaceuticals, SiO2 / TiO2, Solar bath.
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Simultaneous Determination of Some Pharmaceuticals in Hospital Effluents Using HPLC with UV and Fluorescence Detectors , Volume 5, No. 1, 2012. Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Authors : Mahmoud A. Alawi and Waed Alahmad,
Abstract : The development and validation of an HPLC/UV/Fluorescence (FL) detection method is described, which enables the measurement of the most consumed pharmaceuticals (methotrexate, caffeine, diclofenac, glimepiride and ibuprofen) in Jordanian hospital effluents. Separation was done on a RP-C8 column at a flow rate of 1 ml/min using 1:1 H2O/acetonitrile with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The samples (200 ml each) were extracted and cleaned-up on C18 cartridges. Correlation coefficients of the pharmaceuticals calibration were higher than 0.997 using a UV detector and 0.996 using a fluorescence detector for methotrexate. Recoveries were ranged from
87% to 108.3%.
Keywords : Pharmaceutical; Methotrexate, Diclofenac, Glimepiride, Ibuprofen, HPLC/UV, Fluorescence, aqueous samples, hospital wastewater.
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Analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater and their photodegradation, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing (October 7, 2012) , ISBN-
10: 3659127140, ISBN-13: 978-3659127144
Authors : , Waed Alahmad and Mahmoud Alawi
Abstract : The present work deals with the development and validated simple HPLC/UV/FLD analytical procedure which enable the measurement of some of the most consumed pharmaceuticals in Jordan (Caffeine, Methotrexate, Diclofenac, Glimepiride, Ibuprofen) at concentration level of μg/L. Separation was on RP-C8 column with 1 ml/min flow rate of 1:1 H2O, acetonitrile with 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid, extraction on C18 cartridges of 200 ml sample volume. Correlation coefficients of the pharmaceuticals calibration were higher than 0.997 using UV detector and 0.996 using FLD detector. Recoveries were ranged between 90% - 110%. The lowest LOD was 0.38 mg/L. The RSD was ranged between 0.15%- and 9.82%. Samples were taken from three STPs in Amman/ Jordan and two hospital outer drains to detect the concentrations of the studied drugs, the highest concentration was found for Caffeine 1187 μg/L, Methotrexate 699 μg/L, Glimepiride 90 μg/L, Ibuprofen 66 μg/L and Diclofenac 65 μg/L. The study also focused on the photocatalytic degradation of these pharmaceuticals using TiO2 modified with SiO2, and the sun light with 8 hours concentration monitoring. The initial concentrations used in the solar bath system were
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PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF DICLOFENAC AND IBUPROFEN FROM SIMULATED WASTEWATER USING SiO2-TiO2-(Ru, N ) BY ARTIFICIAL LIGHT. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin (2016) 25, 4299- 4308.
Authors : Waed R Alahmad, Mahmoud A Alawi.
Abstract : The degradation of Diclofenac and Ibuprofen in simulated wastewater using synthesized catalysis , parent catalyst SiO2/TiO2 , and doping with N and Ru, under UV light. The % removal ranged between 63%-75% for Diclofenac, 43%-90% for ibuprofen using several amounts of catalyst weight (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 g /100mL). The degradation fits with pseudo-first order Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetic model.
Keywords : photodegradation, wastewater, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen,kinetics
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Quality assessment of groundwater and agricultural soil in Hail region, Saudi Arabia. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research (2017) 43, 55–64
Authors : Amaal, M. Abdel-Satar, Manal H. Al-Khabbas, Waed R. Alahmad, Wafaa M. Yousef, Rani H. Alsomadi, Tasneem Iqbal
Abstract : Groundwater is highly important in Saudi Arabia as it is extensively utilized for drinking, domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. The aim of this research is to assess the quality of groundwater and agricultural soil in Hail region. The abundance of main cations in ground water was generally in the order K+ < Mg2+ < Na+ < Ca2+, while the order of the anions was Cl− > SO42− > HCO3−. With respect to TDS, Cl−, SO42−, Na+, Ca2+ concentrations, more than 33% of groundwater samples exceeded the allowable levels cited for drinking water, while about 43% of water samples contained Pb levels higher than the drinking water guidelines. Assessment of groundwater’s quality for irrigation was achieved using several indices as sodium adsorption ratio, Na% and residual sodium carbonate. Among these, the majority of index results implied that about 97% of the groundwater samples fall within the excellent category. The total metal concentrations in soil samples were ordered as follows: Cd < Pb ≈ Ni ≈ Cu < Cr < Zn < Mn < Fe. According to soil quality guidelines, there is a slight risk from Ni and Zn and a considerable risk from Cd. The geoaccumulation, single pollution, Nemerow pollution indices showed that the Cd pollution intensity was significant for agricultural soils.
Keywords : Agricultural soil
Groundwater
Hail
Heavy metal
Saudi Arabia
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PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF DICLOFENAC AND IBUPROFEN BY SiO2/TiO2/ (Ru, N) CATALYSTS UNDER SUN LIGHT IN SOLAR BATH-LIKE SYSTEM, Fresenius Environmental Bulletin (2017), 26 (5), 3685-3691.
Authors : Mahmoud A Alawi, Waed R Alahmad, Baker Al-Fogha'a,
Abstract : The degradation of Diclofenac and Ibuprofen were studied in water using the synthesized
catalysts, SiO2/TiO2, doped with N and Ru, under sun light in a solar bath-like system. The % removal range was between 70-78% for Diclofenac and 78- 87% for ibuprofen with 0.2% weight of catalysts. The photocatalysts were synthesized by the incipient wetness impregnation method, and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) for morphology and structure analysis. SEM images show a particle size range of 12-35 nm, the XRD analysis show amorphous structure for the catalysts. Excitation emission Fluorescence spectrophotometery for SiO2/TiO2, SiO2/TiO2/Ru and SiO2/TiO2 /N was used for the determination of λ emission. A red shift was found for the doped catalysts. The doped
catalysts showed a higher % degradation comparing with the degradation under UV artificial light. Photocatalytic activity of SiO2/TiO2, SiO2/TiO2/Ru and SiO2/TiO2/N was evaluated by measuring methylene blue (MB) degradation under UV irradiation on UV-Vis spectrophotometer.
Keywords : Diclofenac; Ibuprofen; Photocatalyst; Solar light; Degradation
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TREATMENT OF SIMULATED WASTEWATER SPIKED WITH PHENOLS USING TiO2/GO/SiO2 UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. FRESENIUS ENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONS. FRESENIUS ENVIRONMENTAL BULLETIN (2018) 27 (12 B), 9922-9930 BULLETIN (2018) 27 (12 B), 9922-9930
Authors : W Alahmad, H Alshammari, O Aldosari, R Alsomadi ,
Abstract : The degradation of bisphenol A, 4-chlorophenol and phenol were investigated, using synthesized photocatalysts, were it prepared by sonication and a sol-gel methodology. The catalyst indicated as I; TiO2: GO, II; TiO2: GO: SiO2 (50%) and HI; TiO2: GO: SiO2 (75%). The irradiation interval was seven hours at solar radiation energy 6.35-5.00 kWh/m2/day. Degradation measurement conducted by valid HPLC method. The degradation activity was in order catalyst I > III > II catalyst. TiO2 modified with GO and SiO2 for enhancing surface area, increasing Vis light absorption, reuse, and handling. The modification was confirmed by X-ray diffraction, FTIR, scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Catalyst I was 87% degradation, the lowest degradation 55% for II. The prepared catalyst is more easily handled in the degradation process than TiO2 anatase, due to their packing and crystallinity, making the filtration and reuse simpler.
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SUNLIGHT PHOTODEGRADABLE POLYSTYREN-TiO2/SiO2 COMPOSITE.. Journal Chemistry & Chemical Technology (2019) Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 190– 197
Authors : Waed ALAHMAD
Abstract : Photodegradable polystyrene-catalyst (PS-TiO2/SiO2) composite was prepared and characterized, and its degradation under sunlight was investigated. The morphology of TiO2/SiO2 was amorphous with particle size of 16.6–30.1 nm and the energy gap of the catalyst was calculated. The degradation process was for 288 h, the samples under investigation were two types standard (STD) samples – a mixture of PS with catalyst, and municipal waste residues (MWR) – a combination of PS-catalyst with MWR. The degradation was measured in dark and under sunlight. The MWR samples percent degradation was higher than that of STD samples.
Keywords : •
methylene blue
• polarized light microscopy
• municipal waste residues
• biodegradation
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ANNEALING TEMPERATURE EFFECT ON STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL AND PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF NANOCRYSTALLINE TiO2 FILMS PREPARED BY SOL-GEL METHOD USED FOR SOLAR CELL APPLICATION. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures Vol. 14, No. 3, July - September (2019) p. 617 – 625
Authors : S. M. AL- SHOMAR, W. R. ALAHMAD.
Abstract : TiO2 nanocrystalline films were successfully deposited onto glass substrates by sol-gel method at different annealing temperatures (0, 300,400,500 and 600oC). The effect of annealing process on structural, optical and photocatalytic Activity were mainly investigated. The structural analysis shows that the un-annealed and films annealed at 300oC are amorphous, and after annealing from 400 oC to 600 oC results in polycrystalline TiO2 thin films. XRD showed the structural orientation of the films especially in (101) plane corresponding anatasa phase of TiO2.Crystallite size and films thickness increase gradually with annealing temperature due to the decrease in concentration of lattice imperfections and enhancement of nucleation and coalescence. TiO2 have highly transmittance in the visible range and the optical band gap value of the TiO2 thin films decreases from 3.95 to 3.65 eV with the annealing temperature increment as a result of the improved crystalline structure. The refractive index as a function of wavelength was determined. The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 shows that the degradation under sun light was high comparing to UV. Thus, the annealing effects on the physical properties of TiO2 thin films will be useful for the formation of highly crystalline and high-transmittance TiO2 thin films for solar cell application. https://www.chalcogen.ro/617_ShomarSM.pdf
Keywords : Annealing, Thin film, Photo activity, Sol-Gel. TiO2, Nanocrystalline
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The Role of Health Education in Promotion of Health Care Waste Management in Khartoum North Teaching Hospital. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicolog. (2020).y, 15(1), 719-726.
Authors : Ahmed Abu-Rayyan, Waed Alahmad, Fatima Fadul ALI Osman, Kamal Elbssir M Ali
Abstract : The study was conducted as a quasi-experimental design in Khartoum North teaching hospital to assess the role of health education in the promotion of health care waste management. A sample size of (103) targeted workers (cleaners) were used in the investigation. Data collected was analyzed using the T-test and chisquare test by computer using SPSS. The results revealed remarkable improvement in the knowledge of the respondents, as regards the hazards of the health care waste (53%-100%) before the intervention, after the intervention, it increased to 100% showing highly significant change. The opinion of the respondents to use the protective clothes ranging from (45% - 100%) before the intervention, rose after the intervention to
(70.5% – 100%) showing significant change. The practice of workers about touching contaminated cotton and linen with patient body fluids was 16.7% before the intervention, after the intervention only 7.4% touch the waste showing significant change.
Keywords : Health Education, Health Care Waste Management, Health workers, Health Promotion
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Measuring the Health Impact of Drinking Water Sources in El-Fashir, Sudan. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, (2020).15(1), 1640-1646.
Authors : Waed Alahmad, Ahmed Abu-Rayyan, Najm Eldinn Elsser Elhassan, Mohammed Ismail Humaida.
Abstract : The study aimed to assess the physical and chemical condition of drinking water in El-fashir city, Sudan. The parameters studied are; Electrical conductivity (EC), nitrates, pH, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) and fluorine were analyzed at water points and in the laboratory. Results were processed on SPSS software. The study revealed the pH results, which were distributed between 6.8 to 8 for samples from hand pumps 1 and 2 and tank water, respectively. The residual chlorine concentration (RC) in the water supply system of the selected stations ranged between 0.2 to 0.6 mg /L. The concentration of nitrate level ranged from 3. 4.5 mg/L, which is within the acceptable range of the standards for WHO and SSMO standards. The study also determined the level of fluorine, which ranged between 0.17 - 0.41 mg/L, which is within the acceptable range of the
standards for WHO and SSMO standards. This study found that all results fall within the permissible limits of the standards of WHO and SSMO standards except the hand pumps.
Keywords : Water Quality, Drinking Water, TDS, Nitrate, Conductivity, Turbidity, Fluoride
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Effects of Daily Activities on Academic Performance of Applied Science University Students Journal of Sociology and Anthropology, 2020, Vol. 4, No. 1, 8-22
Authors : Nawal H. Albahtiti, Rula Khazaei, Tala H. Sasa, Eman Almuhur, Waed Alahmad,
Abstract : Sleeping is an herbal repetitive nation of relaxation for the thoughts and frame that's important to life. Sufficient sleep is extraordinarily crucial for one’s intellectual and bodily fitness. But sleep loss is a tremendous trouble in present day society Our major cause of this study is to evaluate the consequences of numerous each day sports in particular sleep styles and the frequency of day-time sleepiness on the educational overall performance of the scholars of Applied Science Private University (ASU). A questionnaire became administered to the scholars of ASU from the primary first year to the 5th yr. The Most Effective Factor On The GPA of ASU Student Is the Mental Factor. This have a look at became designed to inspire college students to searching for healthier sleep habits, through the use of instructional fulfillment as indicator. So we want to recognize the function of sleep and ought to take good enough sleep of 6-eight hours consistent with day for fitness and wellbeing.
Keywords : Sleep, academic performance, ASU, GPA
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A Study Survey of Awareness of Jordanian Chemists about Chemical Hazards. Vol. 15 No. 4 (2021): Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology,
Authors : Waed R Alahmad, Tala H. Sasa, Nawal H Bahtiti, Ahmed Abu-Rayan.
Abstract : This study is an attempt to identify the level of awareness of safety measures practiced in the survey was conducted between September and December 2020 among chemists graduated in Jordan in several working sectors (teaching, Laboratory work and in manufactures). A total of 245 eligible subjects were asked to participate in the study. The majority were females (71.0%), their ages ranged from 18 to 40 years, and most of them were between 18-22 (62.9%). As for educational qualifications, 65% were students. 77.1% of them had a good knowledge of chemistry. Most of the accidents were in the laboratory by females (68%), 78% of the accidents were by females in the household. The age of 18-22 (58.9%) caused most of the accidents
in the laboratory. Also, the age of 18-22 (69.9%) caused most of the accidents in the household. 55.5% of laboratory accidents were from students. As result females and students were the major reason for chemical accidents. There is no significant difference in the average attitude towards chemical safety by age. There is no significant difference in the average attitude towards chemical safety as per education
Keywords : Awareness, chemical safety; safety perceptions; laboratory safety
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POLYSTYRENE SOLID PHASE PHOTOLYSIS UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS USING TiO2/SiO2/Ru NANO-COMPOSITE. Volume 30– No. 06A/2021 pages 6474-6484 Fresenius Environmental Bulletin
Authors : Waed Alahmad, Hamed Alshammari, Rani Alsomadi.
Abstract : The study of Polystyrene (PS) Photolysis was conducted using a mixture of PS-TiO2/SiO2/Ru com-posite. The photolysis was under sunlight conditions with 6.35- 5.00 kWh/m2/day for 288-hour exposure; in Hail region KSA. The photocatalysis was pre-pared by impregnation method with ratios TiO2 25%, SiO2 75% and Ru 0.2%. Two types of samples photodegradation were applied on it; standard sam-ples (STD) and municipal waste residues samples (MWR). The degradation efficiency % improved by doubling the amount of photocatalyst. MWR sam-ples showed higher degradation efficiency % than STD samples. The degradation efficiency was con-firmed by FTIR analysis, weight-loss % and Polar-ized Light Microscopy (PLM). FTIR showed a considerable decrease in the intensity of aromatic peaks at 751, 698 cm-1 and an increase in the intensi-ties for phenyl-C=O at 2352 cm-1and O-H peaks at 3776 cm-1. The XRD and SEM characterization for TiO2/SiO2/Ru composite shows an amorphous struc-ture, with a particle size of 12.4– 23.7 nm. EDX anal-ysis shows an atomic weight % for SiO2: 79.81, TiO2: 16.76 and Ru2O3: 3.43 at. %. Calculating the energy gap (Eg) for the TiO2/SiO2/Ru composite was by us-ing emission wavelengths at λ= 363, 378, 406, 438, and 463 nm giving Eg = 3.42, 3.28, 3.06, 2.82 and 2.68 eV respectively.
Keywords : Doped titanium dioxide, Solid phase, Energy gap, Polar-ized light microscopy, Methylene Blue
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Modeling the removal of methylene blue dye using a graphene oxide/TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation by intelligent system. Open Chemistry 2021; 19: 157–173,
Authors : Hanan Haj Ahmad and Waed Alahmad,
Abstract : In this study, a model to improve the degradability of methylene blue (MB) dye using graphene oxide/ TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite under sunlight irradiation is investigated. The effect of operative parameters comprising catalyst concentration, initial dye concentration, and pH on the photocatalytic batch during removal of MB is studied. Fractional factorial design (FFD) and response surface methodology (RSM) are used to design the experiment layout. Graphene oxide (GO)/TiO2/SiO2 nanoparticles are synthesized through sonication and sol–gel methodologies.
In the experiments, three levels of catalyst varied in the percentage of TiO2 pointed as (I) TiO2:GO (100%), (II) TiO2:GO:SiO2 (50%), and (III) TiO2:GO:SiO2 (25%) are used.
The irradiation interval was 7 h at solar radiation energy 6.35–5.00 kWh/m2/day. In the experiments, three levels of catalyst varied in the percentage of TiO2 pointed as (I) TiO2:GO (100%), (II) TiO2:GO:SiO2 (50%), and (III) TiO2:GO:SiO2 (25%) are used. The synthesized catalysts are characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. ANOVA under 23
FFD is conducted to evaluate the effect of independent factors depending on the value of F as pH of solution, weight of catalyst, and concentration of MB. The adsorption kinetics, experimental design with FFD, and RSM are investigated in this study. The Surface Adsorption kinetics were statistically analyzed, the model that best described the results of each experiment was determined out of the two evaluated kinetics (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order), for the three photocatalyst composites I, II, and III with the parameters; weight of the catalyst, pH, and initial MB concentration, also percentage degradation is evaluated. RSM results are consistent with the kinetic model; first, the pH is considered as the most significant parameter affecting the removal of the organic pollutant, and second, catalyst II gives the highest percentage removal efficiency of MB. FFD results are consistent with both models where the effect of the independent factor depending on the value of F was pH of solution > weight of catalyst > initial concentration of MB. The percentage removal was in the range from 30 to 99%.
Keywords : response surface methodology, fractional factorial design, Langmuir, photocatalysis, sunlight
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