Manal Abd Al-Jabbar Mizher

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Research

Enhancing Cloud Gaming Performance through Game Object-aware Encoding and Macroblock Classification

Authors :Ahmad A. Mazhar, Manar Mizher, Manal Mizher

Abstract :Cloud computing is a technology model that provides access to reliable, flexible, and cost-effective system resources to various users and applications with advanced levels of service. One industry that benefits greatly from cloud computing is gaming, as it has seen the introduction of several new cloud gaming designs. These cloud gaming designs offer many advantages, including improved performance over traditional online gaming. However, cloud gaming also faces challenges such as the significant amount of video processing required and the associated computational complexity. This paper identifies the limitations of the current system and presents a new algorithm to accelerate the encoding process by reducing the computational complexity. The improvements made to the video codec resulted more than 9% reduction in overall encoding time with only minimal impact on users’ satisfaction.

Keywords :Cloud gaming, Computational complexity, Motion estimation, HEVC, Video Encoding

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A review of video falsifying techniques and video forgery detection techniques

Authors : Mizher, Manar A., Mei Choo Ang, Ahmad A. Mazhar, and Manal A. Mizher

Abstract :The term video attack has gained attention under the name video forgery. The simplest type of video forgery is copy-move tampering which can be detected by human eyes. The complex type of video forgery is video falsifying which is more professional than copy-move as highly improved techniques are needed to detect a falsified video. The difficulty of detecting video falsifying attack because of changing the semantic meaning of the original videos by creating fake videos can be conducted by editing, combining or generating a new video content. In this paper, several types of video falsifying techniques and video forgery detection techniques are studied and classified, challenges with existing forgery detection techniques are given, and a conclusion of recommended suggestions is presented. Recommendations focus on advanced forgeries such as object motion interpolation forgeries, and dynamic texture inpainting to increase the security against these types of tampering on key frames.

Keywords : video falsifying; forgery detection; spatio-temporal attacks; secure system; fingerprint framework; key frames extraction

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A simple flexible cryptosystem for meshed 3D objects and images

Authors : Mizher, Manal Abd Al-Jabbar Ahmad, Riza Sulaiman, Ayman Mahmoud Aref Abdalla, and Manar Abduljabbar Ahmad Mizher

Abstract :In cryptography, the previous research generally appears ambiguous and complex to the novice researcher due to the use of complex mathematical equations and rules of cryptography. Moreover, many research approaches lack flexibility in their key length or in their level of encryption. Consequently, combining simplicity, flexibility, and reliability is not easily obtainable in a cryptosystem, especially for larger and more complex data items. Therefore, a new system, called Flexible cryptosystem based on Cellular Automata (FcCA), is proposed here as a novel simplified flexible cryptosystem based on cellular automata (CA). FcCA presents simplified techniques for making CA reversible while creating a robust flexible cryptosystem that performs lossless encryption of three-dimensional (3D) objects and images of different types. It uses pure random CA as a diffusion technique, and it employs a modified existing confusion technique by substituting the static start point with proposed multi-dynamic intersected start points. In addition, FcCA novelty includes using a combination of aspects: random configuration with open boundary conditions, g-th order memory independent-cell technique, and classification of two parts of the encryption key into subkeys. The length and complexity of FcCA subkeys can be controlled easily because the subkeys depend on flexible parameters. Testing and validation of FcCA scrambling level were performed with several criteria including correlation, entropy, peak signal to noise ratio, and value difference degree. Experimental results showed that FcCA has high flexibility, a high level of scrambling, and higher robustness of keys compared to other methods of encryption. In addition, sensitivity analysis showed FcCA to be highly sensitive to changes in the encryption key and encrypted images and objects. Overall, the properties of FcCA demonstrated its effectiveness as a cryptosystem for images and 3D objects.

Keywords :Cellular automata, Grayscale, RGB,Meshed , 3D object

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An improved simple flexible cryptosystem for 3D objects with texture maps and 2D images

Authors :Manal A. Mizher a, Riza Sulaiman a, Ayman M. Abdalla b, Manar A. Mizher a

Abstract :With the continued evolution of three dimensional (3D) object presentation and usage, the security of such objects has become an increasingly desirable research area. Previous efforts mostly concentrated on the encryption of point clouds, solid models, meshes, and 3D textured models. The (texture map) part of meshed 3D objects was overlooked by previous encryption techniques of 3D meshed objects in spite of its importance because they require preprocessing to be extracted. Therefore, this paper provides a system for the full encryption of 3D textured objects with their texture maps. It provides an improved system based on an existing flexible cryptosystem named Flexible cryptosystem based on Cellular Automata (FcCA). The FcCA system has two drawbacks. One drawback is shuffling plain data without changing their values, which yields the same histogram and nonstandard encryption ratios. The other drawback is the need for many generations to make the keyspace very large, which is unsuitable for the large size of textured object data. This work overcomes these drawbacks of FcCA and fully encrypts 3D textured objects with their texture maps. The improvements to FcCA include making intersect start points change with every generation and encrypting the values of plain data while shuffling them using cellular automata. At first, the plain 3D object is extracted to vertices, faces, and texture, in addition to its texture map. After that, extracted data are encrypted using the proposed improved FcCA (iFcCA) cryptosystem. Implementation and analysis of this new system showed its preponderance as it can encrypt and decrypt 3D textured objects better than FcCA and other existing methods. Moreover, it reduces the need for many generations of cellular automata, and consequently, reduces execution time. In addition, iFcCA has a very robust key, and it can resist different types of attacks.

Keywords :UV map 3D object encryption Mesh model Textured object 2D cellular automata Texture map

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CENTROID DYNAMIC SINK LOCATION FOR CLUSTERED WIRELESS MOBILE SENSOR NETWORKS

Authors : Mizher, Manar A., SALEH H. AL-SHARAEH, MEI CHOO ANG, AYMAN M. ABDALLA, and MANAL A. MIZHER

Abstract :The wireless sensor network consists of three main components: a large number of small-sized sensors, a remote sink connected to the internet, and a cluster head whose existence depends on the overall network structure. The sensor in the wireless sensor network can be deployed through many ways, such as a simple model, a random walk model, and a random direction model. There were studies that examined networks and their various installation methods to save energy consumption and increase the network lifetime. These were usually achieved by formatting the network structure with one or multi-sinks, with or without clusters, or using static or mobile components such as sink, cluster heads, and sensors. In addition, using a homogeneous or heterogeneous environment implies using special devices as cluster heads or electing them from sensors periodically at specified times depending on different protocols. Previous studies did not focus on saving energy when all network's components were mobile. Our scheme, Centroid Dynamic Sink Location (CDSL), focuses on this case and aims to reduce the energy consumption through moving the sink to the optimal location with respect to the cluster heads. The simulation results indicated that the CDSL scheme increases the network lifetime by saving the cluster heads energy. When the sink is mobile, the network lifetime increased in all cases from 14.21% to 53.09% compared to that which use a fixed sink.

Keywords : LEACH, Mobility model, Cluster Heads, Centroid algorithm, Power saving

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Robotic Movement Encryption Using Guaranteed Cellular Automata

Authors : Mizher, Manal Abd Al-Jabbar Ahmad, and Riza Sulaiman

Abstract :After the revolution in using robots, especially in secret fields like behind enemy lines, the security of information about robots and their movements plans should become a hot research area. All previous works, as we know, focused on the encryption of the communication between robots or on the encryption of the different types of stiff three-dimensional models. So, a schema to encrypt robot movement was proposed here. This is done by simulating movement steps in a computer by using keyframes, then shuffling keyframes points depending on a proposed guaranteed balanced two-dimensional cellular automata, where the ratio between its ones and zeros must be within a predefined ratio. Results of experiments show that proposed schema is able to encrypt and decrypt robot movements correctly. Furthermore, the guaranteed condition can raise the propagation degree (exceeded 99.8%), and can withstand the typical statistic and brute-force attacks. As well, it has a durable key.

Keywords :IEEE Keywords Encryption Three-dimensional displays Automata Animation Computational modeling Author Keywords robot movement keyframes encryption movement encryption guaranteed cellular automata

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A review of Mobile Cloud Computing in Education during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Jordan

Authors :Manar Abduljabbar Mizher , Ahmad Abdeljabbar Mazhar , Manal Abd-Aljabbar Mizher

Abstract :The concept of mobile cloud computing (MCC) becomes a commonly recent trend because of the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on most vital sectors around the world. The educational sector has been affected by the covid-19 pandemic lockdowns. The paradigm shift in education strategies has greatly affected many groups in society related to the educational sector. This research study reviews the perceptions of using MCC on teachers, parents, and students during the covid-19 lockdowns period in Jordan. The objectives of the research are to study the educational environment from the MCC user’s viewpoint, the difficulties that the users face while using MCC in learning, and their concerns about using MCC since it becomes an inevitable solution. Moreover, this research highlights the extent to which users know and accept MCC that they use and its effects on their privacy. Questionnaire results concluded that over 60% of the users used social media and over 50% used collaborative applications as a communication method through their smart mobile devices compared to users who relied on specialized e-learning educational platforms, computers, or televisions. About 50% of the users agreed to learn MCC techniques if it is required especially if they have the opportunity to see someone using these techniques in front of them, although near 35% of the users thought that MCC threats their privacy. Over 65% of the users determined the most difficulty or fear is disconnecting communication, especially while performing online exams. In conclusion, this research suggested an MCC online/offline examination framework

Keywords :Mobile Computing, Cloud Computing, Jordan, Covid-19, Education, E-Learning

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Passive Object-based Video Authentication Using Stereo Statistical Descriptor on Wavelet Decomposition

Authors :Manar Abduljabbar Mizher; Mei Choo Ang; Siti Norul Huda Sheikh Abdullah; Kok Weng Ng; Ahmad A. Mazhar; Manal Abd-Aljabbar Mizher

Abstract :Determining video authenticity has become a challenging task in video forgery detection and localization systems. One of the core difficulties is to extract a suitable feature descriptor. The recent studies on passive object-based video authentication are limited to localize the forged frames in copy-paste/delete object forgery. That is done without considering the object motion interpolation. It performs video authentication on simple videos with a static camera without using dynamic texture. This research work proposes an Action Passive Object-based Video Authentication Algorithm (APOVA). The APOVA consists a new statistical texture descriptor and a forged keyframes localization algorithm to validate video data. The APOVA algorithm has been tested on the Shih-Tang dataset. The experimental results shows that APOVA can obtain the best results in accuracy using the proposed descriptor. In addition, it is able to achieve the best performance in forged keyframes localization with F0.5_score = 0.93 and video authentication with F0.5_score = 0.99. As a result, APOVA based on APOKL is considered suitable algorithm for complex color video authentication, especially for passive object-based video forgery systems.

Keywords : IEEE Keywords Location awareness , Training , Visualization , Heuristic algorithms , Authentication , Feature extraction , Forgery Author Keywords texture , spatial-temporal , feature extraction , image forensics , forgery , Authentication

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A review of cybersecurity for internet-of-things based on next generation healthcare networks

Authors : Mizher, Manar A., Rami Sihwail, Mohammed Bany Baker, Ahmad A. Mazhar, Manal A. Mizher, and Dyala Ibrahim

Abstract :The Internet of Things (IoT) plays a well-known role in connecting physical and virtual objects to exchange information. IoT environments can connect billions of devices and objects, and each one has a unique identity. IoT is regarded as one of the most revolutionary technologies of the last few years. It focuses on many fields, including healthcare, industry, agriculture, military applications, and space science. Consequently, it is more vulnerable to cyber-attacks. This paper presents a comprehensive review and classification of cybersecurity schemes used in IoT-based healthcare and categorizes them based on the cybersecurity techniques applied in each method. Research on cybersecurity for IoT systems in healthcare has been conducted between 2011 and 2022 in the context of this survey

Keywords :Internet of things, Space science, Health care, Industry, Review

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Feature Extraction with Differential Evolution Algorithm

Authors : Hamdan, Salam, Manal Mizher, Hani Mimi, Eman Abu Maria, and Abdullah Mubarak Heyari

Abstract :In this study, we presented a feature extraction approach that addresses the difficulties arising from high dimensionality and large datasets in classification tasks. Our method combined differential evolution algorithmwith Support Vector Machines (SVM). The experimental results demonstrated that SVM struggled when applied to large datasets. The proposed approach aimed to identify the most relevant features from the dataset, ultimately improving the accuracy of classification tasks. By reducing the data's dimensionality, we achieved storage efficiency and enhanced the classification process. This research provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of DE algorithm in overcoming challenges related to high-dimensional and large datasets, making a significant contribution to the field of feature selection and classification. Future research can explore the application of these approaches to other datasets and explore ways to further improve the efficiency and effectiveness of classification tasks.

Keywords : IEEE Keywords Support vector machines , Memory , Feature extraction , Classification algorithms , Data mining , Task analysis , Information technology Author Keywords Classification , differential evolution , features extraction

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Three Dimensional Objects Encryption Algorithms: A Review

Authors : Mizher, Manal, Salam Hamdan, Manar Mizher, Ahmad A. Mazhar, Hani Mimi, and Abdullah Mubarak Heyari.

Abstract :Three-dimensional object encryption involves converting a 3D object into a secure and encrypted format to restrict access to authorized individuals. The primary objective is to protect the confidentiality, authenticity, and integrity of 3D objects, particularly in the face of rising cyber-attacks during storage, transmission, and processing. The choice of encryption technique depends on the required level of security and the specific application. This literature review provides an overview of existing algorithms and previous research on 3D object encryption which published in highly-cited peer-reviewed journals. It summarizes achievements, techniques, datasets of these algorithms while highlighting research gaps and issues in these literature review articles.

Keywords : IEEE Keywords Solid modeling , Three-dimensional displays , Bibliographies , Encryption , Information technology , Faces , Cyberattack Author Keywords 3D Models , 3D Objects , Encryption , Virtual Reality

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Cryptosystem for Meshed 3D through Cellular Automata

Authors :Riza Sulaiman, M.A. Al-Jabbar, A. Ahmadian, Ayman M. Abdalla

Abstract :The security of three dimensional (3D) objects has become a hot research area. Efforts were made on the encryption of point clouds, solid models, meshes and 3D textured models. But, for higher and more realistic security, improvements are still needed. Therefore, we improve our previous flexible cryptosystem (FcCA) to fully encrypt 3D textured object with its texture map. Thus, the plain object will extract to: vertices, faces, texture of 3D object and in addition its texture map. Then, encrypt extracted data using improved cryptosystem iFcCA were introduced. Our method shows that it can encrypt and decrypt 3D textured objects and preponderances (FcCA) in all criteria. In addition, the iFcCA can resist different attacks such as: statistic and brute-force, as well as very robustness key. This chapter shall discuss and explain in detail.

Keywords :Cellular automata, Grayscale, RGB,Meshed , 3D object

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BANDWIDTH PROVISIONING SCHEME FOR 3D WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Authors : MANAL A. MIZHER, SALEH H. AL-SHARAEH, RIZA SULAIMAN, MANAR A. MIZHER

Abstract :Bandwidth (BW) resources are scarce and valuable in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Managing this scarcity in BW is a key challenge in WSN's environments. Achieving high BW utilization (BWU) will rise the Quality of Service (QoS) that network can guarantee, without the omission of the importance of concurring BWU, with the minimizing of connection blocking (CBP) and dropping (CDP) probabilities. This paper considers attaining high QoS from point of BW scheduling whether WSNs is designed in two or three dimensions, also our scheme studies the effect of existence or the absence of base station blind spot. We have tested WSN under sixteen different cases, which comprised: Two Dimension structure (2D), 3D structure, Indoor space (Is), Outdoor space (Os), without Blind Spot (nBS), with Blind Spot (wBS), using static borrowing mechanism (SBBS), and finally using dynamic borrowing mechanism (DBBS). The results revealed that considering network with using dynamic borrowing scheme and with rate up to 50 connection rate (CR) will have better QoS guarantees. Moreover, we can summarize that 3D space outperforms 2D space in general view. Finally, not considering BS and building network outdoor will have better QoS guarantee in general. In addition, it is worth mentioning that previous results are processed from repetition each situation 2500 times, which make these results high strict and reliable.

Keywords :Borrowing Scheme, Connection Blocking Probability, Connection Dropping Probability, Connection Rate, 2D structure, 3D structure, Blind Spot, Indoor Space, Outdoor Space.

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