Assessing health-related behaviors among Jordanian children
during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study
Authors : Samar Thiab , Muna Barakat , Raja’a Qudah , Iman Basheti , Safa Daoud
Abstract : Background: The coronavirus disease identified in 2019 (COVID-19) led to extreme actions being taken by the governments to restrict the spread of this virus. Closure of schools, sport clubs and playgrounds were among these actions; children had to stay indoors and were not allowed to pursue their normal lifestyle activities.
Objectives: To assess the differences in health-related behaviors among Jordanian school-aged children (6-16 years) before and during COVID-19 quarantine and to evaluate public’s perception of the role of pharmacists regarding children’s health-related behaviors management.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2020 to January 2021 using an anonymous web-based survey. The survey was developed based on previously published surveys. Evaluation of the validity and reliability of the survey were conducted by a professional committee of clinical pharmacists and a statistician. Results: A total of 230 children, aged 9.02± 2.977 participated in the study. Physical activity and healthy balanced meals decreased (less than 1 hr or 1-3 hrs/week vs 2 meals/day, p= <0.001), whereas daily screen time (1-3 hrs/week vs 4-6 hrs/week, p= <0.001), sleep hours (8-9 hrs/day vs 10-11 hrs/day, p= <0.001) and the ingestion of unhealthy snacks had increased (1-2 meals/day vs. 2-3 meals/day, p=<0.001). A positive perception of pharmacists’ role during the pandemic was revealed.
Conclusion: The present study showed that a significant change in children’s health related behavior happened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such changes can lead to social, physical and mental health problems. The public perceived community pharmacists as trusted health care professionals during the pandemic.
Keywords : COVID-19; Quarantine; Pharmacists’ role; Children; Health-related behavior
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The era of E-learning from the perspectives of Jordanian medical students: A cross-sectional study
Authors : Muna Barakat , Rana Abu Farha, Suhaib Muflih , Ala’a B. Al-Tammemi, Bayan Othman, Yasmin Allozi , Leen Fino
Abstract : Introduction: Online learning is becoming a crucial part of the educational process worldwide, especially after the recent COVID-19 pandemic. This study was designed to assess medical students’ perception toward online learning and their perceived preparedness and barriers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: An electronic-based, cross-sectional survey was used to recruit eligible students in Pharmacy, Doctor of Pharmacy, Medicine, Nursing, Dentistry, and Veterinary Medicine programs at various Jordanian universities (public and private). Descriptive and linear regression analysis were conducted using S.P.S.S. software. The perception score was calculated based on a 5-point Likert scale.
Results: A total of 939 students agreed to participate in this study. The prominent category was females (n ¼ 691, 73.6%), the median age of students was 22.0 years (IQR ¼ 2.0), and around 56% of the students study in private universities (n ¼ 520, 55.6%). More than half of the students reported that their experiences were unsatisfactory or very unsatisfactory (n ¼ 510, 54.3%). The majority of students preferred face-to-face communication with their professors and colleagues and considered it more effective (n ¼ 682, 72.6%). The median of the mean perception score was 2.4 (IQR ¼ 1.1). Regarding challenges and barriers, more than 70% reported weak internet connection, E-learning boredom, and lack of motivation (n ¼ 723, 77.0%).
Conclusion: This study reported inadequate satisfaction and perception towards the current experience in Elearning during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also discussed the barriers and challenges hindering this transition, such as weak internet connection and the lack of motivation, indicating a need for implementing new pedagogies to enhance students’ experiences regarding online education
Keywords : E-learning, Medical Students, Perception, Jordan, COVID-19
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Perceptions of COVID-19 symptoms, prevention, and treatment strategies among people in seven Arab countries: A cross-sectional study
Authors : Feras Jirjees, Muna Barakat, Qamar Shubbar, Bayan Othman, Hamzah Alzubaidi, Hala Al-Obaidi
Abstract : Backgroup: the widespread COVID-19 infection worldwide has resulted in the inability of healthcare fa
cilities to receive all infected patients; therefore, most are treated at home. In addition, factors such as high mortality, types and severity of symptoms, and the prevalence of unreliable information have prompted patients to resort to self-treatment.
Objectives: To assess prevention, treatment, degree of symptoms, and sources of information among tients with COVID-19 in Arab countries
Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in seven Arab countries: Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Tunisia, and the United Arab of Emirates. People who have recovered from COVID-19 completed the study questionnaire. Score of symptoms during and after COVID-19 infection has been calculated by giving the participants a list of 13 symptoms.
Results: A total of 3519 participants completed the survey. Mostly females (68.3%), and aged between 18 and 40 years old (59.4%). Prophylaxis treatments, including vaccines and antibiotics, have been used in around 40% of the participants. The total average score of symptoms during the infection period was found 7.31 ± 3.66 out of 13. However, the symptoms score upon recovery was low (0.48 ± 1.11 score). The significant associations with increased incidence of symptoms during infection were reported with older people, married, divorced or widowed, people with chronic diseases, and obese. Moreover, significant sociations with decreased symptoms were reported with those who worked in the health sector, non- or ex- smokers, and vaccinated people.
Conclusion: The use of medication and other treatments to prevent infection with COVID-19 was common among the participants in the seven countries. Taking the vaccine was the only effect on the number of symptoms experienced by patients. Although nearly two years have passed since the onset of the disease, there is still a need to raise treatment awareness among patients at home.
Keywords : COVID-19, Self-treatment, Prophylaxis, Symptoms
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A qualitative exploration of university students’ perspectives
on distance education in Jordan: An application of Moore’s theory of transactional
distance
Authors : Ala’a B. Al-Tammemi , Rana Nheili, Chiamaka H. Jibuaku, Dua’a Al Tamimi, Musheer A. Aljaberi, Moawiah Khatatbeh, Muna Barakat, Hindya O. Al-Maqableh and Hussam N. Fakhouri
Abstract : The current study aimed at exploring university students’ perspectives on the emergency distance education strategy that was implemented during the COVID-19 crisis in Jordan, one of the countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Utilizing a qualitative design supported by Moore’s theory of transactional distance, a total of 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted with university students of various study levels and disciplines. Data were inductively analyzed using thematic analysis as suggested by Braun and Clarke. Seven themes have emerged, including, (i) students’ psychological response to the sudden transition in educational process, (ii) students’ digital preparedness, equality, and digital communication, (iii) students’ and teachers’ technical competencies and technostress, (iv) student–student and student–teacher interpersonal communication, (v) quality and quantity of learning materials, (vi) students’ assignments, examinations, and nonreliable evaluation methods, and (vii) opportunities with positive impact of
distance learning. The study findings provide evidence that the sudden transition from traditional on-campus to online distance education was significantly challenging in many aspects and was not a pleasant experience for many participants. Various factors under the jurisdiction of academic institutions and decision-makers are considered main contributing factors to the students’ educational experiences amid the pandemic crisis. Therefore, better planning and more sustainable utilization of educational resources have paramount importance in providing a high-quality education. Additionally, more dedicated efforts in terms of equitable, reliable, and credible evaluation
systems should be considered in Jordan’s distance education strategy.
Keywords : Digital Preparedness, Jordan, COVID-19, Qualitative, Distance Education, Moore’s
Theory, Transactional Distance
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Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma exposure reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide toxicity in vitro and in vivo
Authors : Muna M.Barakat, Yahya H.Dallal Bashi, LouiseCarson, William G.Graham, Brendan F.Gilmore, Padrig B.Flynn
Abstract : Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin composed of a polysaccharide and lipid component. It is intrinsically responsible for the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria and is involved in the development of bacterial sepsis. Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma is proposed as a potential new approach for the treatment of infected tissue such as chronic wounds, with both antibacterial and wound-healing activities extensively described. Using both the RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line in vitro assays and the Galleria mellonella insect in vivo toxicity model, the effect non-thermal plasma exposure on LPS-mediated toxicity has been characterized. Short (60 s) non-thermal plasma exposures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa conditioned growth media, membrane lysates and purified P. aeruginosa LPS, resulted in a substantial detoxification and reduction of LPS-induced cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Non-thermal plasma exposure (60 s) of purified P. aeruginosa LPS led to a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the G. mellonella health index (GHI) score, a measure of in vivo toxicity. These findings demonstrate the ability of short plasma exposures to significantly reduce LPS-induced cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo; attenuating the toxicity of this important virulence factor intrinsic to the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria.
Keywords : Non-thermal plasma LPS Cytotoxicity Galleria mellonella Virulence Macrophage
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Knowledge and awareness of community toward COVID-19 in Jordan: A cross-sectional study
Authors : Alaa Abu Zaid, Muna Barakat, Rajaa A. Al-Qudah, Saba Albetawi, Alaa Hammad
Abstract : Background: The behavior of the general public in Jordan will likely have an important effect on the how the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic spreads. Human behavior is influenced by people’s knowledge and awareness. The aim of the study is to determine the knowledge and awareness of COVID-19 among the general public in Jordan. Method: Cross-sectional online survey conducted between March 17 and March 23, 2020. A sample of 3,791 adults in Jordan who were representative of the general population by gender, age, occupation, marital status, employment status and educational level. Measurements: Response to 23 survey questions. Results: Participants generally had satisfactory knowledge of the main mode of disease transmission and the common symptoms of COVID-19, as half of the participants confirmed that transmission is via droplets from sneezing or coughing and from contaminated surfaces. In addition, most (77%) of the respondents stated that more than one category could be at high risk of complications from COVID-19, including the elderly, people with weak immune systems, those with heart problems, and diabetic patients. However, a substantial proportion of participants had misconceptions about how to prevent infection. For instance, about 80% of participants thought that wearing a mask was effective in protecting them from acquiring COVID-19. Conclusion: These findings can guide government information campaigns that will be covered by media. Rapid online surveys could be an important
Keywords : COVID-19; awareness; knowledge; community; Jordan
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Knowledge and Perception Regarding the Development and Acceptability of Male Contraceptives Among Pharmacists: A Mixed Sequential Method
Authors : Muna Barakat*, Samar Thiab*, Sara Thiab, Raja’a A. Al-Qudah, Amal Akour
Abstract : Community pharmacists play a crucial role in providing comprehensive patient education regarding contraception methods. This study aims to investigate Jordanian pharmacists’ knowledge and perceptions toward male oral contraceptive pills (OCPs). A mixed-explanatory sequential method was divided into two phases. The first was a self-administered electronic survey that was distributed to community pharmacists/trainees in Jordan. The second phase was carried out through online semi-structured in-depth interviews targeting the maximum variation purposive sample of community pharmacists. A total of 158 (response rate 98%) questionnaires were included in the analysis. The majority of the participants were female (n = 118, 74.2%). In terms of knowledge, only 25% of participants acknowledged the presence of male OCPs and almost half were uncertain about the mechanism of action and the possible uses. The findings of the interviews confirmed a relatively negative perception toward male OCPs and the identified barriers to male OCPs were cultural norms, side effects, and poor compliance. It is argued that there is a negative perception toward male OCPs due to the majority of pharmacists not believing such products will be successful in Jordan. Once these pills are approved for their effectiveness and safety, men may need further education and encouragement to take an active role in family planning along with their partners.
Keywords : contraceptive pills, males, Jordan, pharmacists
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Pharmacists’ awareness of COVID‐19 and perceptions of their roles, barriers, and roles of policymakers: Exploring the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)
Authors : Iman A. Basheti, Feras El-hajji, Razan Nassar, Samar Thiab, Muna Barakat, Mariam Basheti, Alberto Berardi, Bandana Saini
Abstract : Background: The coronavirus infection (COVID-19) was declared in January 2020 as a public health emergency of international concern. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), like other parts of the world, suffered from several epidemics over the years. Pharmacists have vital roles to play to prevent the spread of his virus. Objectives: To assess the awareness of COVID-19 amongst pharmacists from countries located in the MENA countries, and to assess their perspectives of their role, barriers, and roles of the educational institutions and pharmaceutical associations in preparing them for their roles during the pandemic. Methods: An online survey was conducted to run a descriptive cross-sectional study in Jordan from 12th to 22th April 2020. The questionnaire was validated and put on Facebook for pharmacists’ recruitment and assessment of their awareness (20 questions with a score out of 20) about epidemics/pandemics and COVID-19, their perceived roles and barriers, and roles of the educational institutions and pharmaceutical associations. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS). Results: Study participants (n= 2589) had a mean age of 29.3 (8.2) years and 1329 (51.5%) were females. Most of the participants were from Egypt 819 (40.8%), Followed by Jordan, Algeria, and Syria. As for the sources of information about coronavirus treatment among the study participants, 60.8% got their information from the social media. Fear as a consequence was identified by the majority of participants (87.7%). The majority of pharmacists identified positive roles for the pharmaceutical association and pharmaceutical associations. Conclusion: Pharmacists from the MENA countries believe they got enough education previously about epidemics/pandemics, and the majority follow on the latest coronavirus updates from social media. Fear was reported as the major barrier that requires resolution by the policymakers. Certain gaps in the awareness about COVID-19 were identified.
Keywords : coronavirus; pandemics; pharmacists; educational institutions; Pharmaceutical association; Middle East; North Africa; MENA
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Knowledge and beliefs about the use/abuse of oral contraceptive pills among males: A mixed-method explanatory sequential study in community pharmacy settings
Authors : Muna Barakat, Raja’a Al-Qudah, Amal Akour, Mona Abu-Asal, Samar Thiab, Yahya H. Dallal Bashi
Abstract : Background: Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are considered one of the most important birth control methods globally. However, these pills were designed for female administration rather than males. This study was designed to investigate patterns of OCPs use and abuse among Jordanian males, according to the community pharmacists’ observations. Method: A mixed-method explanatory sequential study was conducted using an online self-administered survey, followed by semi-structured in-depth interviews for registered pharmacists, assistant pharmacists and pharmacy interns. The interviews were utilized using a conceptual framework. Inductive thematic analysis and descriptive/regression analyses were completed using Nvivo and SPSS, respectively. Results: A total of 158 questionnaire responses and 22 interviews were included in our analysis. Around half (48.4%) of the questionnaire responses confirmed that males could use OCPs for hair growth enhancement, muscle gain and acne treatment 12.7%, 31.7% and 4.4%, respectively. Through the interviews, the participating pharmacists highlighted that males use OCPs mostly for bodybuilding purposes, according to recommendations by their coaches at the gym. The most abused OCPs containing estrogen (Ethinyl estradiol) and progestins (Drospirenone or Levonorgestrel). Conclusion: This study provided insight into unexpected uses of OCPs by males in Jordan. Community pharmacists have a crucial role in the management of OCPs use and abuse. However, restricted regulations and monitoring must be released and implemented on the community to limit such practices.
Keywords :
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The perception of Jordanian population towards concomitant administration of food, beverages and herbs with drugs and their possible interactions: A cross‐sectional study
Authors : Samar Thiab, Muna Barakat, Raja'a Al-Qudah, Rana Abutaima, Rahma Jamal, Philip Riby
Abstract : Background: Many people are used to administering their drugs with food, beverages, or herbs, which may contain chemicals that interfere with the prescribed drugs that could potentially lead to changes in their efficacy or safety and alteration in their pharmacokinetic properties. Objective: To assess the extent of perception and use of food, beverages and herbs alongside with conventional drugs and their potential interactions among Jordanian society. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in Jordan (20 April - 5 May 2020). The survey was developed using Google forms, validated and distributed via social media platforms. Data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences-24. Main outcome measure Use and perception of food, beverages, herbs and their drug interactions among Jordanians. Results Of all participants (n = 789, 77.8 % were females, 46.2% were 50-year-old, 69.7% were married, 70.8%) were medically insured, and 51.1% had a bachelor’s degrees. Seventy percent of the study participants reported use of medicinal plants. About 66% of participants agreed that medicinal plants or herbs could treat diseases and 58.6% thought that medications could interact with drugs. In general, the participants’ knowledge about food/beverage/herb-drug interactions was considered poor. However, linear regression analysis illustrated that the level of knowledge was significantly affected (p-value <0.05) by gender, marital status, social status, the educational level, and employment sector. Conclusion Jordanians have a positive perception towards herbs and their ability to treat diseases. However, their knowledge about food/beverage-drug interactions was poor. This call needs to enhance the community awareness on food/beverage/herb-drug interactions.
Keywords : food, beverage, herbs, drug interaction, perception
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The Use/Abuse of Oral Contraceptive Pills Among Males: A Mixed-Method Explanatory Sequential Study Over Jordanian Community Pharmacists
Authors : Muna Barakat, Amal Akour, Mona Abu-Asal, Samar Thiab, Yahya Dallal Bashi
Abstract : Background: Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are considered one of the most important birth control methods in the world. However, these pills were designed for female administration rather than males. This study was designed to investigate patterns of OCPs use and abuse among Jordanian males, according to the community pharmacists9 observations. Method: A mixed-method explanatory sequential study was conducted using an online self-administered survey and semi-structured in-depth interviews for community pharmacists. The interviews were utilized using a conceptual framework. Inductive thematic analysis and descriptive/regression analyses were completed using Nvivo and SPSS, respectively. Results: A total of 158 questionnaire responses and 22 interviews were included in our analysis. Around half (48.4%) of the questionnaire responses confirmed that males could use OCPs for hair growth enhancement, muscle gain and acne treatment 12.7%, 31.7% and 4.4%, respectively. Through the interviews, the majority of the pharmacists highlighted that most of the males use OCPs for bodybuilding purposes, according to recommendations by their coaches at the gym. The most abused OCPs containing estrogen (Ethinyl estradiol) and progestins (Drospirenone or Levonorgestrel). Conclusion: This study provided insight into unexpected uses of OCPs by males in Jordan. Community pharmacists have a crucial role in the management of OCPs use and abuse, However, restricted regulations and monitoring must be released and implemented on the community to limit such practices.
Keywords : Abuse; community pharmacists; Jordan; males; oral contraceptive pills; OCPs
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Perception of adults toward electronic cigarettes: a cross-sectional study from Jordan
Authors : Muna Barakat, Areej M Assaf, Samar Thiab, Manar Alhamed, Hala J Al-Obaidi, Feras J Jirjees, Iman Basheti
Abstract : Introduction: The rate of Jordanian tobacco smokers has been reported to be one of the highest rates in the world. The electronic cigarette (E-cig) has become an option, or an alternative, to tobacco cigarette smoking. This study was aimed to measure the perception of Jordanian adults toward E-cig use. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used. A self-administered survey was developed and validated to solicit anonymous responses from the study participants. A convenience sample (n = 984) was recruited electronically through social media platforms. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were completed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: More than half of the participants (53%) were females, and almost all participants had heard about E-cig (99.2%), mainly from their friends (40%) and social media (34.5%). About half of the participants were nonsmokers and around one-third of them (33.1%) were current E-cig users. The majority of the participating E-cig users had replaced tobacco with E-cig (56.4%)/All the E-cig users reported positive beliefs toward the E-cig as a safer alternative for tobacco smoking. About 45% of participants believed that the E-cig is helpful in tobacco smoking cessation, but should be highly regulated. Conclusion: This study illustrated a significant prevalence of E-cig usage among Jordanian adults. E-cig users perceived E-cig as a safer and cheaper alternative to tobacco smoking and that it helps in tobacco smoking cessation. However, health awareness campaigns are needed for the entire Jordanian community about E-cig use, related emerging health findings, and how to promote tobacco smoking cessation. Keywords: beliefs; Jordan; E-cigarettes; E-cig; knowledge; smoking.
Keywords : fs; Jordan; E-cigarettes; E-cig; knowledge; smoking.
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Pharmacists’ perceived barriers towards delivering their emergency roles during the COVID-19 pandemic and perceived policymakers’ responsibilities
Authors : Iman A. Basheti, Razan Nassar, Muna Barakat, Rajaa Alqudah, Rana Abu Farha, Tareq Muqatash, Samar Thiab & Bandana Saini
Abstract : Rational: In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus infectious disease as a pandemic referred to as COVID-19. As an essential service, community pharmacists have been enacting a key role in patient counseling and supply of essential medicines and protective equipment. Objectives: To investigate pharmacists’ perspectives of the role of educational institutes and professional pharmacy organizations in supporting them to take on roles during COVID-19 pandemic and to identify barriers to be able to support themselves and their patients. Methods: This descriptive mixed-method study was conducted via a cross-sectional online survey distributed to pharmacists/pharmacy students in Jordan during the COVID-19 outbreak (15–30 March 2020) using an online questionnaire, followed by an online focus group. Questionnaire items related to participants’ perspectives in being prepared for and supported in their roles during the COVID-19 pandemic, and items were tested for face validity. Data were descriptively analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences and triangulated with focus group findings. Results: Considering that fear and anxiety are a consequence of mass social distancing/quarantine, study participants (n = 726, age = 26.9 (SD = 8.0) years, 71.9% females), reported needing training on mental healthcare to be able to support themselves and people during pandemics (90.2%). Most respondents agreed/strongly agreed (59.7%) with the statement around pharmacy educators/educational institutes having a key role in preparing pharmacists for practice during epidemics/pandemics and agreed that their faculties should add a course regarding pandemic preparedness in their curriculum (89.9%). Results were similar regarding roles for the pharmaceutical associations. Focus group findings (n = 7) mirrored the survey findings to a large extent. Conclusions: Most participants believed that pharmacy educators and pharmaceutical associations have a role in preparing them to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic through online educational workshops/webinars. Online education on mental healthcare is specifically needed.
Keywords : Coronavirus, Pandemics, Pharmacy educators, Educational institutes, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical association, Jordan
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Factors associated with knowledge and awareness of stroke among the Lebanese population: A cross-sectional study
Authors : Diana Malaeb, Nada Dia, Chadia Haddad, Souheil Hallit, Hala Sacre, Muna Barakat, Sara Mansour, Pascale Salameh, Hassan Hosseini
Abstract : Evaluation of the knowledge about stroke in the general population is extremely vital as it prevents stroke development, limits complications, and achieves better quality of life. We assume that the general Lebanese population lacks awareness about stroke and its associated complications. This study aims to evaluate stroke knowledge and determine the factors associated with stroke awareness among the general Lebanese population. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics and the identification of risk factors, warning signs, stroke consequences, and early response to stroke symptoms. A total of 551 Lebanese adults without a history of stroke filled in an online self-reported questionnaire publicly shared on social applications. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the factors associated with poor knowledge of stroke. Results: Among the 551 participants enrolled, 403 (74.2%) were females and 312 (56.7%) were under 30 years of age. Females compared to males and employed compared to unemployed had significantly higher odds of identifying at least one risk factor (OR=4.3 [95%CI=1.1;16.8] and 6 [95%CI=1.2;29.6], respectively). Also, when compared to unemployed, employed participants had significantly higher odds of recognizing at least one of the early stroke symptoms (OR=3.3 [95%CI=1.2;8.9]) and identifying at least one of the stroke consequences (OR=5.3 [95%CI=1.1;25.9]). Reaching a university level of education compared to a school level was associated with significantly higher odds (OR=2.3 [95%CI=1.1;4.8]) of taking a patient to a hospital. Conclusion: Well-educated, employed, and female participants were more knowledgeable about stroke. Tailored interventions focusing on individuals with inadequate stroke literacy are needed. Further studies, more representative of the general Lebanese population with a larger sample size, are necessary to confirm our findings.
Keywords : stroke; knowledge; awareness
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Gaps in pharmaceutical care for patients with mental health issues: A cross-sectional study
Authors : Amal Akour, Shiraz Halloush, Mohmmad B Nusair, Muna Barakat, Fatima Abdulla, Malik Al Momani
Abstract : Mental health issues such as depression and anxiety are often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Medications are a primary method of managing mental health problems, and pharmacists therefore have a vital role in supporting patients and providing them with information about the safety and efficacy of mental health medications. However, the potential role of pharmacists in managing mental health issues in Jordan has not been well established. Aim This study aimed to assess Jordanian pharmacists’ attitudes and actual practices related to the provision of mental health services. Method This was an exploratory cross-sectional study that used a self-report questionnaire among a convenience sample of 347 pharmacists in Amman, the capital of Jordan. Results The participating pharmacists had positive attitudes towards providing care for patients with mental health problems. However, their actual practices did not resonate with their enthusiasm, particularly in terms of the long-term follow-up of disease symptoms and medication side effects and adherence. The participating pharmacists showed an eagerness to collaborate with their colleagues, but their level of actual cooperation was lower than desired. The most commonly reported barrier to providing care for patients with mental health problems was the lack of education on mental health issues (71.5%), followed by the lack of privacy in pharmacy settings (53.9%). Conclusions To be effectively involved in the provision of care to mental health patients, pharmacists should receive adequate education/training related to mental health issues, and pharmacies should be redesigned to provide private areas for patient counseling. Impact Statements Pharmacists are not well-informed about mental health issues and their related medications, which may in turn lead to poor patient outcomes. There is an urgent need to actively involve pharmacists in the care of patients with mental health issues by providing them with further education and promoting their collaboration with other healthcare professionals.
Keywords : Mental health services, Pharmacy services, Antipsychotic agents Pharmacist
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Stigma towards health care providers taking care of COVID-19 patients: A multi-country study
Authors : Abdulqadir J Nashwan, Glenn Ford D Valdez, AL-Fayyadh Sadeq, Hani Al-Najjar, Hossam Elamir, Muna Barakat, Joseph U Almazan, Ibtesam O Jahlan, Hawa Alabdulaziz, Nabil E Omar, Fade Alawneh, I Ketut Andika Priastana, Aiman Alhanafi, Bilal Abu-Hussein, Malik Al-Shammari, Marwa M Shaban, Mostafa Shaban, AL-Hadrawi Hayder, Mohammed B Al-Jubouri, Sabah A Jaafar, Shaymaa M Hussein, Ayat J Nashwan, Mohammed A Alharahsheh, Nisha Kader, Majid Alabdulla, Ananth Nazarene, Mohamed A Yassin, Ralph C Villar
Abstract : Health care providers (HCPs) have always been a common target of stigmatization during widespread infections and COVID-19 is not an exception. Aim This study aims to investigate the prevalence of stigmatization during the COVID-19 pandemic among HCPs in seven different countries using the Stigma COVID-19 Healthcare Providers tool (S19-HCPs). Design Cross-sectional. Methods The S19-HCPs is a self-administered online survey (16-item) developed and validated by the research team. The participants were invited to complete an online survey. Data collection started from June–July 2020 using a convenience sample of HCPs from Iraq, Jordan, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Kuwait. Results A total number of 1726 participants were included in the final analysis. The majority of the study participants were Jordanians (22%), followed by Kuwaitis (19%), Filipinos (18%) and the lowest participants were Indonesians (6%). Other nationalities were Iraqis, Saudis, and Egyptians with 15%, 11% and 9% respectively. Among the respondents, 57% have worked either in a COVID-19 designated facility or in a quarantine center and 78% claimed that they had received training for COVID-19. Statistical significance between COVID-19 stigma and demographic variables were found in all aspect of the S19-HCPs. Conclusion The findings of this study demonstrated high levels of stigmatization against HCPs in all the included seven countries. On the other hand, they are still perceived positively by their communities and in their utmost, highly motivated to care for COVID-19 patients. Educational and awareness programs could have a crucial role in the solution of stigmatization problems over the world.
Keywords : StigmaCOVID-19S19-HCPsMental healthHealthcare providers
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Characteristics of thyrotoxicosis among thyroid patients and their quality of life in a teaching hospital in Jordan: A cross-sectional study
Authors : Sarah Ibrahim, Amani Al-Rawashdeh, Raja' Al-Qudah, Muna Barakat, Abla Al-Bsoul
Abstract : Aim: This study aimed to describe the general characteristics of thyrotoxicosis patients, evaluate their quality of life and adherence to medications as an outpatient at endocrine clinic in Jordan. Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The eligible participants, who were patients from endocrine outpatient clinics at JUH were recruited. The inclusion criteria limited the study to patients aged 18 years and older who were newly diagnosed with or had a past diagnosis of hyperthyroidism disease for any cause. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24.0 (SPSS® Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Result: Most participants were females (81.3%) and married (87.9%). The majority were educated and had a bachelor's degree or higher (41.8%). The average reading for T3 was 6.80±8.26 pmol/l, T4 16.87±7.98 pmol/l, TSH 3.49±11.51 Mu/L, Anti thyroglobulin 2.37±1.73, and Anti thyroglobulin peroxidase 4.80±1.13. There were no significant findings in assessing the effect of treatment types on lab tests (p-value >0.05). The majority of thyrotoxicosis cases were caused by Graves' disease (64.7%), followed by 17.60% from benign multinodular goiter, 11.80% thyroiditis and 5.90% toxic adenoma. There was no significant correlation (p>0.05) between the type of treatments and the following health related quality of life (HRQOL) sub-domains: generally unwell, social problem, muscular skeletal problems, eye problem, classical symptoms of hyperthyroidism(CSH) hand tremor, CSH palpitation, decreased appetite and constipation. Conclusion: Thyrotoxicosis is understudied in the Middle East, particularly Jordan. The main findings revealed that thyrotoxicosis is more prominent in females, mainly in their 4th decade. Future work should focus on the main possible methods to improve the HRQOL. In addition, awareness programs are required to encourage patients to obey the advice of their physician and increase their self-care towards improving the quality of their life.
Keywords : ADHERENCE; QUALITY OF LIFE; THYROID MEDICATIONS; THYROTOXICOSIS
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Antimicrobial Stewardship from Health Professionals’ Perspective: Awareness, Barriers, and Level of Implementation of the Program
Authors : Haya Nassar, Rana Abu-Farha, Muna Barakat, Eman Alefishat
Abstract : This study aimed to evaluate health professionals’ perceptions regarding the level of implementation of the Antimicrobials Stewardship (AMS) programs in Jordanian tertiary hospitals and to assess the perceived barriers to its implementation. During this cross-sectional study, a total of 157 healthcare providers agreed to participate (response rate 96.3%). Participants were asked to complete an electronic survey after meeting them at their working sites. Only 43.9% of the healthcare providers (n = 69) reported having an AMS committee in their hospital settings. The results suggested that private hospitals have significantly better AMS implementation compared to public hospitals among four areas (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, the results showed that the most widely available strategies to implement AMS were infectious disease/microbiology advice (n = 112, 71.3%), and treatment guidelines (n = 111, 70.7%). Additionally, the study revealed that the main barrier to AMS implementation was the lack of information technology support (n = 125, 79.6%). These findings could draw managers’ attention to the importance of AMS and support the health care provider’s practice of AMS in Jordanian tertiary hospitals by making the right decisions and the required modifications regarding the strategies needed for the implementation of AMS programs.
Keywords : antimicrobial stewardship; perception; practice; tertiary hospitals; Jordan
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Undergraduates’ perceptions and attitudes towards online learning at Jordanian universities during COVID-19
Authors : Israa Alqudah, Muna Barakat, Suhaib M Muflih, Abdelrahim Alqudah
Abstract : Since the beginning of the global pandemic in early 2020, online learning has largely replaced face-to-face learning worldwide. In Jordan, online learning has been implemented using various online tools and platforms. The purpose of the present study was to ascertain the attitudes of 579 undergraduate students in Jordan toward online learning, measure their willingness to adopt it, and investigate their perceptions of the challenges they encountered during the learning process. To recruit eligible individuals from five Jordanian government universities the researchers used a cross-sectional, correlational web-based survey approach via social media sites, primarily the Facebook pages. The study's primary findings indicate that the majority of students (82.2%) preferred face-to-face education over online learning environments, despite the fact that almost half of respondents (55.6%) indicated that their institutions were prepared to offer lectures online. According to the majority of participants, the most significant impediments to online learning were an unreliable or non-existent internet connection (87.6%), a lack of motivation (75.3%), and an unsatisfactory home environment for learning (75.6%). The participants offered a variety of opinions regarding the effectiveness and usefulness of online learning at Jordanian universities. Additional research is required to confirm and consolidate these findings.
Keywords : Undergraduate studentsJordanian universitiesonline learningbarriers to online learningattitudes to online learning
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The Role of Pharmacists in Patient Counselling for OTC Medication in Jordan: A Cross-Section Study
Authors : Ala’Mahmoud Abu-Zaid, Muna Barakat, Rajaa Al-Qudah, Amer Abdalhafez
Abstract : Background: Community pharmacists represent the easiest-to-access medical experts for drugs. They play a major part in educating and counselling patients, especially regarding over the counter (OTC) medications. Purpose: This study aims to explore the role of pharmacists in patient counselling for OTC medication in Aqaba, Jordan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with community pharmacists in Aqaba. An online self-administered survey was launched for the study sample via a social media platform (i.e. WhatsApp). The responses were imported into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for statistical analysis. Results: About half of pharmacists started their counselling by asking about the patient's history. More than 70% of pharmacists advised patients in terms of their dosage regimen, the proper indications for the OTC medication, and any possible food-drug interactions. However, approximately one-third of pharmacists suggested there were many challenges in the counselling process. These included limitations in counselling time, work overload, more patients than the pharmacist's capacity and a lack of counselling area. Conclusion: This study illustrates that community pharmacists are highly committed to pursuing their pharmaceutical care role through proper counselling for OTC medication in Aqaba. Moreover, our study highlights some challenges that pharmacists could face, which may interfere with the efficacy and safety of the drugs they provide.
Keywords : Counselling, Jordan, OTC medications
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Targeting drug chemo-resistance in cancer using natural products
Authors : Wamidh H Talib, Ahmad Riyad Alsayed, Muna Barakat, May Ibrahim Abu-Taha, Asma Ismail Mahmod
Abstract : Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. The development of drug resistance is the main contributor to cancer-related mortality. Cancer cells exploit multiple mechanisms to reduce the therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs, thereby causing chemotherapy failure. Natural products are accessible, inexpensive, and less toxic sources of chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, they have multiple mechanisms of action to inhibit various targets involved in the development of drug resistance. In this review, we have summarized the basic research and clinical applications of natural products as possible inhibitors for drug resistance in cancer. The molecular targets and the mechanisms of action of each natural product are also explained. Diverse drug resistance biomarkers were sensitive to natural products. P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein can be targeted by a large number of natural products. On the other hand, protein kinase C and topoisomerases were less sensitive to most of the studied natural products. The studies discussed in this review will provide a solid ground for scientists to explore the possible use of natural products in combination anticancer therapies to overcome drug resistance by targeting multiple drug resistance mechanisms.
Keywords : anticancer natural products; drug efflux; drug detoxification; plants derived natural products
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Beliefs Toward Smoking and COVID-19, and The Pandemic Impact on Smoking Behavior and Quit Intention: Findings from a Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Jordan
Authors : Ala’a B Al-Tammemi, Muna Barakat, Dua’a Al Tamimi, Sami A Alhallaq, Dima M Al Hasan, Ghena M Khasawneh, Khalil Abu Naqera, Raghad M Jaradat, Fadi W Farah, Hindya O Al-Maqableh, Alaa Abuawad, Bayan Othman, Zeinab Tarhini, Hamza Odeh, Moawiah Khatatbeh, Amal Akour, Musheer A Aljaberi, László Róbert Kolozsvári
Abstract : Background The relationship between smoking and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is still topical with mixed epidemiological evidence. However, the pandemic may affect people’s beliefs toward smoking as well as their smoking behavior and quit intentions. Considering high smoking rates in Jordan, our current study aimed to assess the following domains in a community-based sample from Jordan: (i) the beliefs that surround smoking/vaping and COVID-19 and (ii) the pandemic impact on smoking behavior and quit intention. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jordan from March 9 to March 16, 2021, utilizing a web-based structured questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised 13 items on sociodemographic, health, and smoking profiles, 14 items to assess beliefs surrounding COVID-19 and the use of combustible cigarettes (CCs), waterpipe (WP), and electronic cigarettes (ECs), and 12 items to assess the pandemic impact on smoking behavior and quit intention. Results Of 2424 survey respondents who participated in our study, there were 1163 never-smokers, 1044 current smokers, and 217 ex-smokers. The mean age of participants was 35.2 years (SD: 11.06). Most participants have reported anti-smoking beliefs with around 72.9% believed that WP smoking is related to the risk of contracting COVID-19. Also, 71.7% believed that smoking CC may worsen the COVID-19 clinical course, while 74.1% of respondents believed that smoking has no protective effect against COVID-19. During the pandemic, about 28.1% and 19.3% of current smokers reported increased or reduced smoking, respectively. Besides, 459 current smokers have expressed their plans/intention to quit smoking during the pandemic, of whom 27.5% (n = 126) confirmed that the driving force for their decision is a COVID-19-related reason, such as self-protection (n = 123) and protection of family members (n = 121) which were the most cited reasons. Also, around 63 participants have successfully ceased smoking during the pandemic. However, only 22 of them reported that the main driving motivation of their successful quit attempt was the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion Most participants’ beliefs and attitudes were against smoking during the pandemic. Nevertheless, the double-edged effect of the pandemic on smoking habits should be carefully considered, and reliable anti-smoking measures should be strengthened and sustained in the country.
Keywords : COVID-19, pandemic, Jordan, smoking behavior, quit, tobacco
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Electronic cigarettes’ withdrawal severity symptoms among users during intermittent fasting: a cross‑sectional study
Authors : Muna M. Barakat, Raja’a A. Al‑Qudah, Ibrahim Alfayoumi, Hala Jehad Al‑Obaidi, Feras Jassim Jirjees and Iman Basheti
Abstract : Background Recently, electronic cigarette (e-cig) usage has increased significantly, making it a potentially effective smoking cessation tool. In Muslim countries, most people who use e-cigarettes fast the month of Ramadan, which results in intermittent fasting. This study aims to reveal the severity of e-cig withdrawal symptoms among users during this intermittent fasting period. Methods A self-administered survey was developed and validated to solicit anonymous responses from e-cig users living in Jordan, through a cross-sectional study design. Participants were recruited through social media resources. Severity scores of physical (out of 11) and psychological (out of 8) withdrawal symptoms for each participant were assessed and calculated for each participant, depending on the symptoms reported. Results A convenience sample (n = 523) of e-cig adult users were recruited. The majority of the participants were males (96.4%) aged between 18 and 40 years (86.4%). Many participants replaced tobacco smoking with e-cig (53.5%) in order to help them stop smoking. More than half of the participants experienced relatively weak physical (0.82 ± 1.78) and psychological (1.24 ± 1.89) withdrawal symptoms during the month of fasting. Most of the participants (63.2%) preferred to engage themselves with a busy schedule to tolerate the related withdrawal symptoms they experienced. Conclusion E-cigs could play a vital role in smoking cessation among tobacco smokers during intermittent fasting. Ramadan offers a good opportunity for smokers to quit, as the reported physical and psychological e-cig withdrawal symptoms were found to be relatively weak. Awareness and behavioral interventions would help clarify the effect of e-cigs and help determine alternative ways to cease smoking.
Keywords : Electronic cigarettes, Smoking, Severity, Withdrawal, Physical, Psychological
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Views of community pharmacists on antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial stewardship in Jordan: a qualitative study
Authors : Doaa Saleh, Rana Abu Farha, Tareq Mukattash, Muna Barakat, Eman Alefishat
Abstract : The Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization issued a practical approach and Global Action Plan to control the threatening emerging antibacterial resistance. One of the main bases of this plan is the Antimicrobial Stewardship Program (ASPs). This study aimed to evaluate community pharmacists’ awareness and perception towards antimicrobial resistance and ASPs in Jordan. Thus, a qualitative study was conducted through in-depth interviews with twenty community pharmacists. Convenience sampling was used in the study. Qualitative analysis of the data yielded four themes and eleven sub-themes. All the respondents showed a good understanding of the causes of antimicrobial resistance. The most important cause reported by them was the non-restricted prescription of antimicrobials. Most of the pharmacists believed that they are competent to provide ASPs, however, they believed that there are several barriers against the implementation of ASPs in community pharmacies in Jordan. Barriers demonstrated by the pharmacists, included organizational obstacles, resources obstacles, and personal obstacles. In conclusion, this study revealed several barriers against the implementation of ASPs in community pharmacies in Jordan. Incorporating ASPs in the community pharmacy settings requires proper pharmacist training, several academic disciplines team efforts, and good pharmacy practice of antimicrobial guidelines.
Keywords : antimicrobial stewardship; antimicrobial resistance; community pharmacist; qualitative research; Jordan
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Pharmacists’ readiness to deal with the coronavirus pandemic: Assessing awareness and perception of roles
Authors : Iman A. Basheti Razan Nassar Muna Barakat Rajaa Alqudah Rana Abu farha Tareq L. Mukattash Bandana Saini
Abstract : Background The 2019 Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by a novel strain of coronavirus was detected in China in December 2019, and declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020. Community pharmacists have an important role in supporting the local health emergency preparedness and response arrangements. Objectives To investigate pharmacists and pharmacy students’ awareness and source of their information regard the management of the coronavirus pandemic, and their perspective of their role during this emergent situation. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional online survey study was conducted in Jordan during the COVID-19 outbreak (from 15 to 30 March 2020). A validated online questionnaire addressing participants' current awareness about epidemics/pandemics and COVID-19, source of information and their perspectives of their role. Data were analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS). Results Participants (n = 726) had a mean age of 26.9 (8.0) years with 71.9% females. Pharmacy students made 35.3% of the sample while the rest were pharmacists. Only 54.3% of participants believed that they got enough education about epidemics/pandemics, and 94.6% of them follow on the latest coronavirus updates on treatments, and that is mainly from the media (59.5%) followed by the World Health Organization reports (58.7%) and then the published researches (57%). Awareness score (out of 20) of pharmacists (n = 470) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that of students (n = 256). Better Awareness scores were also associated with higher age of participants, graduating from a public versus a private university, and attending more educational workshops. Conclusion The majority of pharmacists and pharmacy students reported that they have a major role in the management of epidemics/pandemics through the community pharmacies but the majority follow on the latest coronavirus updates from the media. This fact rings bills considering the numerous conflicting messages publicized during the pandemic through the media.
Keywords : antimicrobial stewardship; antimicrobial resistance; community pharmacist; qualitative research; Jordan
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