Wireless power transfer and wireless communications between two electronic components
Authors : Reem Shadid, Mohammad Haerinia, Sima Noghanian
Abstract : Apparatus and associated methods relate to providing wire less power transfer and wireless communications between two electronic components, each having an inductive coil and a microwave antenna centered about a common central axis, thereby ensuring alignment with one another. Wireless power transfer can be performed using electromagnetic coupling between the inductive coils and / or the microwave antennae of the two electronic components . In some embodiments , the two electronic components are implantable biomedical device and an external interface system for the implantable biomedical device . Power - re ceive and power - transmit controllers control operation of power transmission by the external interface system and power reception by the implantable biomedical device , respectively . In some embodiments , the microwave antenna has a resonance frequency that is configured by location of an electrical connection to a ground plane . A communication controller can be configured to control the resonance fre quency of the microwave antenna by controlling a switch network
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Electric Model for Electromagnetic Wave Fields
Authors : Reem Shadid, Waseem G. Shadid
Abstract : This paper presents the first theoretical framework that defines the electric infinitesimal structure model of electromagnetic waves. This model represents the electromagnetic fields by electric field components only. These components have a specific spatial arrangement that is responsible for exerting both the magnetic force and the electric force applied by the electromagnetic waves. There is no existing work that specifies this infinitesimal purely electric structure. Previous work considered electromagnetic waves to be formed by two types of fields, despite the belief that the magnetic field is an electric field in its origin. The model has been built by analyzing the changes in the flow of electric charges producing changing currents. These charges emit electric fields with disturbances spreading in the space to reflect the changes of charges position and speed inside current elements. These disturbances in the electric fields contain discontinuity points reflecting these changes. Applying Gauss’s law at these discontinuity points indicates the existence of electric charges, referred to as discontinuity charges. These spreading discontinuity charges electrically interact with static charges and current elements present at the crossing points in the space. This interaction produces forces on these charges and elements that are equivalent in magnitude and direction to the observed electric force and magnetic force exerted by electromagnetic waves. The relationship between these forces has been analyzed to obtain the formulas that govern them. These formulas are found to be exactly equivalent to Maxwell’s equations proving the validity of the proposed model. Moreover, this model is in alignment with the experiments of pair production phenomena, i.e., photons split to electron and positron, which indicate that photons may have embedded charges inside them. This work is important to help scientists in modeling the physical reality of photons and in better understanding the deeper physical process behind electromagnetic wave interactions
Keywords : Electromagnetic wave, photon, light, magnetism, electromagnetic fields, electromagnetism, monopoles, magnetic charge, Maxwell’s equations, fundamental forces, field theory, elementary particle, quantum field theory, photon split, pair production, electron, positron, electromagnetic radiation, photon structure.
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Wireless Power Transfer for Implantable and Wearable Medical Devices
Authors : Reem Shadid, Mohammad Haerinia, Sima Noghanian.
Abstract : Wireless power transmission (WPT) is a critical technology that provides a secure alternative mechanism for wireless power and communication with implantable medical devices. For instance, the inductive coupling tac-tic is mostly employed for transmission of energy to neurostimulators, and the ultrasonic method is used for deep-seated implants. The challenge of wearable and implantable wireless power transfer is that the implanted and wearable device may have various orientations and can go under deformation, bending, or rotation. All of these will cause inductive-based wireless transfer systems to be unstable. To overcome this issue various methods such as multi-coil, beamforming, and combined near and far-field wireless power transmission is used. This chapter provides a study concentrating on popular WPT techniques for implantable and wearable medical devices. The main types of patient movements that cause misalignments have been analyzed with two case studies. Moreover, an overview of multiple coil systems as a potential solution to overcome the problem of misalignment and bending challenges has been reviewed and analyzed with a comparison of important works in this field.
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Wireless Power Transfer Approaches for Medical Implants: A Review
Authors : Reem Shadid, Mohammad Haerinia.
Abstract : Wireless power transmission (WPT) is a critical technology that provides an alternative for wireless power and communication with implantable medical devices (IMDs). This article provides a study concentrating on popular WPT techniques for IMDs including inductive coupling, microwave, ultrasound, and hybrid wireless power transmission (HWPT) systems. Moreover, an overview of the major works is analyzed with a comparison of the symmetric and asymmetric design elements, operating frequency, distance, efficiency, and harvested power. In general, with respect to the operating frequency, it is concluded that the ultrasound-based and inductive-based WPTs have a low operating frequency of less than 50 MHz, whereas the microwave-based WPT works at a higher frequency. Moreover, it can be seen that most of the implanted receiver’s dimension is less than 30 mm for all the WPT-based methods. Furthermore, the HWPT system has a larger receiver size compared to the other methods used. In terms of efficiency, the maximum power transfer efficiency is conducted via inductive-based WPT at 95%, compared to the achievable frequencies of 78%, 50%, and 17% for microwave-based, ultrasound-based, and hybrid WPT, respectively. In general, the inductive coupling tactic is mostly employed for transmission of energy to neuro-stimulators, and the ultrasonic method is used for deep-seated implants
Keywords : wireless power transfer; implanted device; inductive link; microwave link; ultrasound link; hybrid link
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Deep learning for model parameter calibration in power systems
Authors : Safwan Wshah, Reem Shadid, Yuhao Wu, Mustafa Matar, Beilei Xu, Wencheng Wu, Lei Lin, Ramadan Elmoudi
Abstract :In power systems, having accurate device models is crucial for grid reliability, availability, and resiliency. Existing model calibration methods based on mathematical approaches often lead to multiple solutions due to the ill-posed nature of the problem, which would require further interventions from the field engineers in order to select the optimal solution. In this paper, we present a novel deep-learning-based approach for model parameter calibration in power systems. Our study focused on the generator model as an example. We studied several deep-learning-based approaches including 1-D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU), which were trained to estimate model parameters using simulated Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) data. Quantitative evaluations showed that our proposed methods can achieve high accuracy in estimating the model parameters, i.e., achieved a 0.0079 MSE on the testing dataset. We consider these promising results to be the basis for further exploration and development of advanced tools for model validation and calibration.
Keywords : Parameter Calibration, Deep Learning, Machine learning, Parameter Verification, Convolution neural network, recurrent neural network.
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Identification and Correction of False Data Injection Attacks against AC State Estimation using Deep Learning
Authors :
Abstract : New advances in technology have greatly improved the monitoring and controlling of power networks, but these advances leave the system open to cyber attacks. One common attack is known as a False Data Injection Attacks (FDIAs), which poses serious threats to the operation and control of power grids. Hence, recent literature has proposed various detection and identification methods for FDIAs, but few studies have focused on a solution that would prevent such attacks from occurring. However, great strides have been made using deep learning to detect attacks. Inspired by these advancements, we have developed a new methodology for not only identifying AC FDIAs but, more importantly, for correction as well. Our methodology utilizes a Long-Short Term Memory Denoising Autoencoder (LSTM-DAE) to correct attacked-estimated states based on the attacked measurements. The method was evaluated using the IEEE 30 system, and the experiments demonstrated that the proposed method was successfully able to identify the corrupted states and correct them with high accuracy.
Keywords : Fayha ALmutairy, Reem Shadid, Safwan Wshah
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The Electric Origin of Magnetic Forces Theory: General Framework
Authors : Reem Shadid, Waseem Shadid
Abstract : This paper presents the first general framework to explain the magnetic force as a result of electric force interactions between current charges moving at any constant speed and combination. The explanation depends on analyzing the spreading electric field in the space and the movement of charges inside current elements. Previous work used special relativity to describe the magnetic force as an electric one, but this description contradicts the fact that electrically neutral wires stay neutral with or without current flowing through them, as well as, it does not facilitate the derivation of the infinitesimal laws of magnetism. In this paper, the provided explanation is proved by deriving the infinitesimal magnetic force law and Biot-Savart law using the basis of electric forces. This work lies at the intersection between Electrical Engineering and Physics, and it is important to understand what is magnetism and its origin. Such understanding may help engineers and scientists in making new advancements in magnetic materials and applied magnetic technologies.
Keywords : Magnetism, magnetic force, electric force, electromagnetic fields, electromagnetism, charge, current, monopoles, magnetic charge, Biot-Savart law, fundamental forces
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Study of rotation and bending effects on a flexible hybrid implanted power transfer and wireless antenna system
Authors : Reem Shadid, Mohammad Haerinia, Sima Noghanian
Abstract : We present rotational misalignment and bending effects on a hybrid system to transfer power and data wirelessly for an implantable device. The proposed system consists of a high-frequency coil (13.56 MHz) to transfer power and an ultra-high frequency antenna (905 MHz) for data communication. The system performance and the transmitted power were studied under two misalignment conditions: (1) receiver rotation around itself with reference to the transmitter, and (2) bending of the implanted receiver under three different radii. Implanted receiver was printed on a flexible Kapton substrate and placed inside a layered body tissue model at a 30 mm depth. It is shown that the inductive link is stable under rotational misalignment and three bending conditions, whereas the communication data link is suitable to be used if the rotation angle is less than 75° or larger than 150°. The results show that the resonance frequency varies by 1.6%, 11.05%, and 6.62% for the bending radii of 120 mm, 80 mm, and 40 mm, respectively. Moreover, transmission efficiency varies by 4.3% for the bending radius of 120 mm. Decreasing the bending radius has more effects on antenna transmission efficiency that may cause severe losses in the communication link.
Keywords : wireless power transfer; bending effects; misalignment; hybrid power transfer
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Performance comparison between single and multiple implanted receivers in a hybrid power/data transfer system
Authors : Reem Shadid, Sima Noghanian
Abstract : In this paper, we proposed a multiple implanted hybrid system consisting of a high-frequency coil (13.56 MHz) to transfer power, and an ultra-high frequency antenna (905 MHz) for data communication. This hybrid system was compared with a single implanted hybrid design under lateral misalignment condition. We numerically simulated both systems and studied their performance in terms of power and data transfer. The implanted single and multiple receivers are assumed to be buried inside a layered body tissue model at 30 mm distance. Insertion loss (S 21 ) and transmission efficiency (η) in the range of lateral misalignment of -60 mm to 60 mm in step of 10 mm were evaluated. The simulation results show that multiple implanted antenna/coil pair is more stable and efficient than single one. The effeciencies have been increased to reach 250% and 234% for both antenna and coil respectively at aligned condition.
Keywords : Wireless power transfer, implanted antennas; lateral misalignment
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Study of misalignment effects on hybrid power transfer and wireless antenna system for implanted devices
Authors : Reem Shadid, Sima Noghanian
Abstract : In this paper, we present the study of the effects of lateral and angular misalignment on a hybrid compact system consisting of a high-frequency coil (13.56 MHz) to transfer power, and an ultra-high frequency antenna (905 MHz) for data communication for implanted medical devices. We numerically simulated the system under misalignment conditions and studied the system performance of power transfer and communication to an implanted receiver inside a layered body tissue model. Insertion loss (S 21 ) and transmission efficiency (η) for different misalignment conditions were evaluated. It is shown that the proposed hybrid system performance is stable in the range of lateral misalignment of -10 mm to 10 mm, and angular misalignment of 0° to 60°.
Keywords : Data communication; implanted devices; lateral and angular misalignment; wireless power transfer.
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A literature survey on wireless power transfer for biomedical devices
Authors : Reem Shadid, Sima Noghanian
Abstract : This paper provides a review and survey of research on power transfer for biomedical applications based on inductive coupling. There is interest in wireless power transfer (WPT) for implantable and wearable biomedical devices, for example, heart pacemaker or implantable electrocardiogram (ECG) recorders. This paper concentrates on the applications based on near-field power transfer methods, summarizes the main design features in the recent literature, and provides some information about the system model and coil optimization.
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Hybrid power transfer and wireless antenna system design for biomedical implanted devices
Authors : Reem Shadid, Sima Noghanian
Abstract : In this paper, we present a hybrid system consisting of a high frequency (HF) coil (13.56 MHz), and an ultra-high frequency (UHF) antenna (905 MHz), integrated on an FR-4 substrate that provides a compact solution for simultaneous wireless power transfer and wireless communication for implanted medical devices. The challenge of minimizing the coupling effect between the coil and the antenna is addressed by optimizing their dimensions. The hybrid system was numerically modeled and the performance was tested at different depths inside a layered body tissue model. It is shown that the antennas' resonance frequencies of the external and implanted antennas, frex and frim, respectively, are stable and do not change by the depth of implanted antenna inside the tissue. Furthermore, transmission efficiency (η) at different distances is calculated. The system provides a good solution for the combination of power transfer and signal communication in a compact design.
Keywords : Wireless power transfer; implanted biomedical devices; coupling effect
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Hybrid inductive power transfer and wireless antenna system for biomedical implanted devices
Authors : Reem Shadid, Mohammad Haerinia, Sayan Roy, Sima Noghanian
Abstract : In this paper, we present a hybrid system consisting of a novel microstrip antenna that can be designed to resonate at various frequencies within the ultra-high frequency (UHF) band (e.g., 415 MHz, 905 MHz, and 1300 MHz), combined with a pair of high frequency (HF) coils (13.56 MHz). The system is designed to be fabricated on an FR4 substrate layer, and it provides a compact solution for simultaneous wireless power transfer (WPT) and multi-band wireless communication, to be utilized in implanted medical devices. The external antenna/coil combination (EX) will be located outside the body on the skin layer. The EX has 79.6mm-diameter. The implanted hybrid combination (IM) has 31.5mm-diameter. The antenna is designed such that by varying the position of a shorting pin the resonance frequency can be changed among three frequencies; therefore, the same design can be used for various applications. The system was designed using numerical simulation tools, and then it was fabricated and measured. The design was optimized while the performance of the system was numerically simulated at various depths inside a layered body model. Furthermore, the insertion loss (S21) and transmission efficiency (η) for both antenna and coil pairs at different depths were studied through simulation and measurements. The system provides a good solution for the combination of power transfer and multi-band data communication.
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Efficiency comparison of inductive and microwave power transfer for biomedical applications
Authors : Reem Sahdid, Sima Noghanian, Sayeed Sajal
Abstract : In this paper two methods of wireless power transfer for implanted biomedical devices are compared: inductive coupling and radiative transmission. Simulation models for both methods were developed and comparison was made in terms of power transmission efficiency at different spacing between the transmitter and receiver. The simulation results show that inductive coupling is more efficient than radiative transmission for small distances, up to around 26 mm. For larger distances radiative transmission is more efficient.
Keywords : wireless power transfer; implanted device; inductive coupling; radiative power transfer, efficiency
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A literature survey of wireless power transfer
Authors : Reem Shadid, Sima Noghanian, Arash Nejadpak
Abstract : Over 115 years ago Tesla invented the concept of wireless power transfer. Many industrial applications based on this technology have been developed ever since. This technology is of interest especially where the interconnecting wires are inconvenient, or even impossible. This paper provides a survey that describes the history of wireless power technology. Specifically two types of wireless power transfer, radiative and non- radiative, are studied. Additionally the formation of the first standard (Qi) and other standards are mentioned. Finally, the main challenges and future prediction of this technology are presented too.
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