Allometry of Postnatal Rat Brain Development Prenatally Exposed to Aspirin
Authors : Khalid Al-Qaisi, Ali Elkarmi , Esam Qoneis , Lubna Tahtamouni and Mahmoud Abu-Samak
Abstract : A total of 200 rat pups starting from the first week after birth until the fifth week were used to investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to aspirin at doses of 12.5, 25 and 37.5 mg kg-1 on the postnatal development of brain parts. Cerebrum and cerebellum length and width were measured in addition to brain and body weights and allometric relationships between these parameters were calculated. The results indicated that all relationships were allometric with noticeable differences between all aspirin treated groups and the control group. These differences indicate that aspirin has an effect on the development of the examined brain parts mainly on the cerebellum length and width.
Keywords : Allometry, brain, Aspirin , rat, pregnancy
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Biochemical Investigation of the Effect of Garlic (Allium sativum) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene (DMBA) Induced Mammary Cancer in Female Albino Rats
Authors : Moayad Khataibeh, Mahmoud Abu- Samak and Naheed Banu
Abstract : Abstract: The study was designed to investigate the pre and post chemoprotection of garlic on 7, 12-dimethylbenz[α]anthrance (DMBA) induced mammary cancer in female albino rats. Animals (hundred rats) where equally divided into five groups, (twenty rats each). Group I: each rat received 1 mL of 0.1% saline daily for twenty days. Group II: received 1 mL of 0.1% saline given orally once a day for twenty days prior to DMBA infusion (30 mg kg -1) and these rats served as controls (cancer control) for group III. Group III : were pre treated with garlic prior to DMBA infusion. Group IV: received 1 mL of 0.1% saline given orally once a day for twenty days after DMBA infusion and these rats served as cancer control for group V. Group V: Post treated with garlic after DMBA infusion. Biochemical measurement were carried out on liver tissues and serum of experimental animals. Circulating levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (GOT) and Glutamate Pyrovate Transaminase (GPT) were elevated, while the activities of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were reduced in liver tissues in DMBA infused rats as compared to normal. Garlic treatment altered the above mentioned biochemical parameters towards normal values. Present findings indicate that garlic got both pre and post effect on DMBA infused rats, where post treatment is more effective.
Keywords : DMP, cancer, garlic , mammary , albino rats
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Combined supplementation of soy and garlic modulate biochemical parameters of 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene induced mammary cancer in female albino rats
Authors : Moayad Khataibeh 1, Khalid Abu-Alruz, Omar Al-Widyan, Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Jafar Al-Qudah
Abstract : The study was designed to investigate the chemoprotective effect of Combined Supplementation of soy and garlic on 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthrance (DMBA) induced mammary cancer in female Albino rats. Animals (eighty rats) where equally divided into four groups, (twenty rats each). Group I: each rat received 1 mL of 0.1% saline daily for twenty days. Group II: received 1 mL of 0.1% saline given orally once a day for twenty days after DMBA infusion (30 mg kg-1) and these rats served as controls (cancer control) for groups III and IV. Group III: were post treated with garlic after Infusion with DMBA. Group IV: Treated with Combined Supplementation of Soy and Garlic after DMBA infusion. Biochemical measurement were carried out on liver tissues and serum of experimental animals. Circulating levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyrovate transaminase (GPT) were elevated, while the activities of glutathione-s-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) were reduced in liver tissues in DMBA infused rats as compared to normal. Combined Supplementation of Soy and Garlic treatment altered the above mentioned biochemical parameters towards normal values. Present findings indicate that combined supplementation of soy and garlic got more marked effect on DMBA infused rats as compared to a group of rats received only garlic treatment.
Keywords : cancer, soy , garlic , mammary , albino rats
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Effects of Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone on Serum Levels of Thyroid Hormones in Short-term Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats
Authors : Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Moayad Khataibeh and Aurelia Crevoi
Abstract : The changes induced by MSH after short-term alloxan -induced diabetes mellitus on both male and female Sprague Dawley rat’s serum T4 and T3 were evaluated. Serum hormones were determined by specific radioimmunoassays and short-term diabetes mellitus induction was carried out by daily injection of 20 mg alloxan solution/100 g body weight intraperitonially for 10 days. Mean serum T4 was significantly decreased to 11.044±2.588 nmol L-1 and serum T3 to 0.132±0.0137 nmol L-1 in diabetic rats. After 10 days with daily injection of alpha-MSH at a dose of 2 μg/100 g body weight, serum T4 increased significantly up to 82.557±25.815 nmol L-1 and serum T3 increased up to : 1.027±0.311 nmol L-1. The results can be explained by the role of the Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone in the peripheral regulation of thyroid function and that it may act as a mediator of hyperglycemia effects on the HPT axis.
Keywords : MSH, Thyroid, diabetes, alloxan, rats,RIA
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Effects of Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone on Plasma Levels of Testosterone and Estradiol Hormones in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors : Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Fahmi Mahmoud , Moayad Khataibeh , Suhail Hamdan and Aurelia Crevoi
Abstract: This study was designed to investigate the effects of Melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH on serum testosterone T and estradiol E2 hormones concentrations in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Eighty male and female Sprague Dawley rats, weighing 180-200 g, were divided into four groups of normal rats and four groups of alloxan-induced diabetic rats were given intraperitonially (i.p.) a daily injection of 20 mg alloxan solution/100 g of body weight for 10 days. Two groups, male and female from the normal and 2 diabetic groups served as controls and did not inject with MSH 2 groups, male and female from the normal rats and 2 groups from the diabetic rats injected (i.p) daily with MSH at a dose of 2-microg/100 g of body weight, for 10 days. The control group was only injected with the same volume of normal saline. Serum glucose concentrations were higher and serum insulin, testosterone and estradiol concentrations were lower in diabetic rats than those in the control groups. MSH administration decreased the elevated blood glucose concentrations of the diabetic rats to the normal levels and decreased estradiol concentration in female normal rats while increased the testosterone concentration in male normal rats. Present findings indicate that MSH plays adaptive role during early stages of alloxan induced-diabetes mellitus. Further studies are needed to identify the mechanism.
Keywords : MSH, testosterone, estradiol, E2, diabetes, alloxan, rats, RIA
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Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Modulates Blood Viscosity in Short-Term Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors : Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Rula Khuzaie , Moayad Khataibeh and Fahmi Mahmoud
Abstract : The effects of MSH on whole blood viscosity (WBV)and hematocrit (Ht) levels in short-term alloxan-induced diabetic were studied. Male and Female Sprague-Dawley diabetic rats weighing 185-250 g were given intraperitonially (i.p.) a daily injection of 20 mg alloxan solution/100 g of body weight for 10 days. Normal and diabetic rats were given daily injection (i.p.) of alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH) at a dose of 2 μg/100 g b.w for 10 days. Body weight, serum glucose, serum insulin, Ht and WBV were measured. The results indicated that MSH decreased serum glucose levels in diabetic rats in comparison with normal rats. Our study demonstrates that MSH administration significantly lowers blood viscosity of short-term diabetic rats. It proposed that MSH may exert a protective effect on the vascular endothelial cells.
Keywords : MSH, blood, viscosity, diabetes, alloxan, rats, RIA
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Relationship of Vitamin B12 Deficiency with Overweight in Male Jordanian Youth
Authors : Mahmoud Abu -Samak, Rula Khuzaie, Mohammad Abu-Hasheesh, Malak Jaradeh and Mohammad Fawzi
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the association between weights status, as measured by Body Mass Index (BMI) and vitamin B12 levels among male Jordanian youth. Recent studies have shown correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and serum vitamin B12 levels in some Middle East countries; however, no data are available for Jordan, where the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency has increased at an alarming rate. One hundred and twenty male university students (aged 18 to 24 years) from Amman city, Capital of Jordan, were divided into three groups according to the body mass index namely healthy weight, overweight and obese. Fasting samples were collected for hematological parameters, serum leptin, vitamin B12, folic acid and blood glucose. The mean serum vitamin B12 level was decreased in overweight students (283 . 2 ± 84 . 17) pg mL1 comparing with the mean of all groups (353.73 ± 125) pg mL1. Of all students 16 % had B12 deficiency ( < 200 pg mL1) and 65 % of them were overweight. Serum folate levels were normal in all groups. BMI was positively correlated with serum leptin levels in all groups. Significant elevation was observed of white blood cells count in obese group (p < 0.001). Present findings suggest that overweight youth are a risk group for vitamin B12 deficiency.
Keywords : B12 , vitamin , obesity , overweight Jordanian , vitamin deficiency
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Modeling the effects of prenatal exposure to aspirin on the postnatal development of rat brain
Authors : Ali Elkarmi, Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Khalid Al-Qaisi
Abstract : Three growth models were used to examine the effects of prenatal exposure to aspirin on the postnatal development of brain parts. A total of 60 pregnant rats which were divided into three experimental groups and a control group were exposed to aspirin doses of 12.5, 25, 37.5 mg/kg, and distilled water, respectively. The brain parts of 200 rat pups starting from the first week after birth until the fifth week were weighted and the length and width of the cerebrum and cerebellum were measured to determine the parameters of the growth models. The results indicated that the three models successfully predicted the growth of the different brain parts and that aspirin decreased the total brain weight, cerebrum length and width, and decreased the cerebellum length and width at aspirin dose of 37.5 mg/kg. Further analysis is needed to investigate if aspirin effects were carried out through its role in inhibiting prostaglandin production and consequently affecting the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary axis
Keywords : Modeling , aspirin , postnatal development , rat , brain
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The Hypocholesterolemic and Antioxidative Effect of Dietary Diosgenin and Chromium Chloride Supplementation on High-Cholesterol Fed Japanese Quails
Authors : Hisham Y. Al-Matubsi, Nagham A. Nasrat, Ghaleb A. Oriquat, Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Khtan A. Al-Mzain and Maher Salim
Abstract: The current study investigated the effect of natural diosgenin extracted from fenugreek seeds, in comparison with the pure standard diosgenin, plus chromium chloride (CrCl3) supplementation on high-cholesterol fed Japanese quails. Quails were randomly divided into four groups. Group one (n = 25) fed experimental diet only (control; contained basal diet supplemented with 1% cholesterol), group 2 (n = 20) fed experimental diet supplemented with CrCl3 only (400 μg kg-1 of body weight), groups 3 and 4 (n = 30 per group) were fed experimental diet supplemented with either 0.5% (w/w) of extracted diosgenin plus CrCl3 or pure standard diosgenin (0.5%) plus CrCl3 respectively, for 12 days. Blood samples were collected at days 0 and 12 for measuring levels of lipid profile. The work was carried out at Applied Science University and Amman University, Amman, Jordan during the period from October 2009 through October 2010. The mean levels of total cholesterol (TC) in control quails at d12 was significantly (p<0.01) increased compare to those at d0. Supplementation of diet with CrCl3 alone or CrCl3 with diosgenin either extracted or pure standard for 12 days showed a significant (p<0.01) decrease in TC and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels as compared to those in the control quails. While, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased significantly (p<0.01) in quails supplemented with diosgenin and CrCl3. At d12, the mean Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activities in erythrocytes of quails in all supplemented groups was significantly (p<0.01) increased as compared to those in control group and was more pronounced in erythrocytes of quails supplemented with pure standard diosgenin plus CrCl3. These results indicated that the combined diosgenin and CrCl3 supplementation to high-cholesterol fed quails might induce a protective effect by both regulating lipid and antioxidative damage.
Keywords : Hypocholesterolemia, Diosgenin and Chromium Chloride Japanese Quails
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Imbalances of key parameters needed for energy-yielding processes in the serum of tramadol-treated male rats
Authors : Husam Abazid, Sahar Jaffal, Mahmoud Abu-Samak.
Abstract : Addiction is one of the major health challenges in the world. Tramadol is an analgesic that has been widely abused, causing negative health consequences. This study sheds light on the effect of the administration of tramadol hydrochloride (HCl) on the serum levels of key parameters needed for energy production. Male Wistar rats received oral administration of tramadol HCl for 30 days and then were sacrificed to collect blood from the eyes and determine the levels of nutritional measures in the serum by kits. Our findings showed that the daily oral gavage of 50 or 100 mg/kg tramadol HCl for a month decreased the serum levels of ferrous iron and glucose significantly compared to the nontreated rats. Additionally, both doses increased the levels of total protein, triglycerides, and magnesium compared to the nontreated animals. Only the dose of 50 mg/kg tramadol HCl was effective in elevating the serum concentration of vitamin B12. Moreover, tramadol HCl treatment did not trigger any change in the levels of zinc in comparison to the control group. In conclusion, tramadol causes imbalances of key parameters needed for energy production.
Keywords : Tramadol HCl, oral, biochemical, energy, fatigue
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Association of parental history of type 2 diabetes mellitus with leptin levels in Jordanian male youths
Authors : Mohammad O Abu-Hasheesh 1, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak, Hisham Y Al-Matubsi, Malak S Jaradeh, Samiha S Jarrah, Rula F Khuzaie
Abstract : Objective: To investigate the association between high level serum leptin in male youths in relation to parental history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and body mass index (BMI). Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out at the Department of Medical Technology, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan during the period from January to April 2009. One hundred and sixteen Jordanian male nursing students aged 18-24 years were divided into 4 groups according to parental history of T2DM and BMI. Fasting blood samples were measured for blood glucose, lipid profile, and serum leptin. Results: Serum leptin levels in overweight and obese male youth diabetic patients with parental history of T2DM were significantly higher than in those overweight and obese without parental history (p<0.001). Of the 116 subjects, 83 (71.6%) had a positive parental history of T2DM. Compared with other groups, significant (p<0.001) elevation was observed in the mean cholesterol and triglyceride levels of obese T2DM. No significant differences were detected in high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and blood glucose levels among all study groups. Conclusion: High levels of leptin in overweight and obese Jordanian male youths were more likely associated with a positive parental family history of T2DM than BMI factor.
Keywords : Diabetes , parental, obesity , type 2 diabetes
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Circulatory Leptin Levels as a Key Link in thePotential Association between Insulin Resistance andVitaminDDeficiency: A ReviewArticle
Authors : Mahmoud Abu-Samak , Beisan A Mohammad , Ibrahim Mosleh Omar Abdel-Majeed 1 Abeer Braham1 Shady HAwwad , Ahamed Abu-Zaiton
Abstract : Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are worldwide problems. Many recent studies have shown a high prevalence of T2DM and VDD in Mediterranean countries including Jordan. Remarkably, VDD is more prevalent in obese people with inverse association with 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD). Nevertheless , randomized clinical trials (RCTs) point did not confirm that yet in particular the association with an obesity marker (leptin hormone) . Leptin is involved in the insulin resistance (IR) pathogenesis and development of T2DM. Some RCTs showed that the treatment of VDD by 1,25OHD2D3 (VD3) may improve the control of diabetes and insulin sensitivity or decrease the risk of disease. Conversely, leptin levels were positively associated with 25OHD levels. Overall, taking into account the U-shaped curve , it seems that the association between VD3 supplementation is a dose dependent . In this context , it can be concluded that when VD intake is below, the serum leptin level will be low and vice versa VD supplementation may cause raising serum leptin as shown in this review . Therefore, we suggest further clinical trials wither to confirm or negation of existence of diabetogenic or anti-diabetogenic effects for VD3 supplementations.
Keywords : VDD, diabetes , T2DM , vitamin D, leptin, obesity ,insulin resistance
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Correlation of Elevated Serum Serotonin Levels with Regular Aerobic Exercise is Associated with Alterations in Monocyte Count and Hemoglobin Levels during Winter Season
Authors : Mahmoud S. Abu-Samak
Abstract : Central fatigue pheromone is not satisfactory to explain altered serum serotonin sSER. Thus the aim of this study is to detect some potential peripheral predictors of altered sSER at rest on the day without any exercise during winter season. One hundred and one university male students aged (21.5±1.5) year’s. Participants were divided into two groups: The NES (non exercising) and RES (regular aerobic exercising) subject groups. BMI was calculated for all subjects. Fasting blood samples were collected and tested for blood glucose, blood indices, lipid profile, serum serotonin, leptin vitamin B12, folic acid and salivary stress hormones (cortisol and DHEA). T test showed an elevation in serum serotonin levels of RES group with significant mean difference (p = 0.031) between the study groups RES and NES. Total WBC count and obesity values for mean of BMI, weight and leptin were significantly higher in NES group. Granulocytes count (R2 = 0.114), hemoglobin levels (R2 = 0.193), WBC count (R2 = 0.289), LDL levels (R2 = 0.362) and serum leptin levels (R2 = 0.423) were selected by stepwise regression analysis as predictive variables of regular aerobic exercise for serum serotonin. These predictors together explained 42% of the variance in serum serotonin. In NES potential predictors were; monocyte count (R2 = 0.102) and platelets count (R2 = 0.275). This study indicates that a positive correlation between regular aerobic exercise and serum serotonin levels in winter season is associated with significant changes in monocyte count.
Keywords : Serotonin, aerobic , exercise , blood count , monocytes , hemoglobin
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Assessing the effect of omega-3 fatty acid combined with vitamin D3 versus vitamin D3 alone on estradiol levels: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in females with vitamin D deficiency
Authors : Amani H Al-Shaer 1, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak 1, Luai Z Hasoun 1, Beisan A Mohammad 1 2, Iman A Basheti 1
Abstract : Purpose: Outcomes investigating the effect of vitamin D3 (VD3) and omega-3 fatty acids (Omega-3FA) on serum estradiol (E2) are scarce and conflicting. No previous study has investigated the effect of VD3 combination with Omega-3FA on E2 levels. This study was designed to investigate the effect of VD3, Omega-3FA and VD3 plus Omega-3FA on serum E2 levels in premenopausal females diagnosed with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Subjects and methods: This randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial was designed to evaluate the effects of 50,000 IU VD3 taken weekly, 300 mg Omega-3FA taken daily and their combination by the study participants for 8 weeks. The mid-follicular serum levels of E2 and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) were assessed at 8 weeks. The study was conducted during winter on a convenience sample of healthy premenopausal Jordanian females with diagnosed VDD. Fasting serum levels for 25OHD and E2 were assessed at baseline and the end of the trial (after 8 weeks). Data were entered into SPSS and analyzed. Results: Healthy premenopausal Jordanian females (N=86) with diagnosed VDD, mean age 32.8±8.9 years, were recruited into the study. Supplementation of VD3 alone resulted in a significant increase in serum 25OHD (13.4±7.9-28.2±7.1 ng/mL, P<0.001) and a significant decrease in E2 levels (85.7±16.5-60.3±20.6 pg/mL, P=0.001). Omega-3FA intake led to a significant decrease in serum 25OHD levels (21.2±12.8-13.6±9.2 ng/mL, P=0.001) and a significant increase in E2 levels (56.3±19.2-78.4±23.7 pg/mL, P=0.006). Combination therapy (VD3 plus Omega-3FA) resulted in a significant increase in both 25OHD (12.0±4.7-35.1±9.5 ng/mL, P<0.001) and E2 (43.0±23.4-57.3±31.5 pg/mL, P=0.028) levels. Conclusion: Results of this study provide vital insight into the effects of D3, Omega-3FA and a combination of their supplementation on premenopausal Jordanian females with diagnosed VDD. Eight weeks of therapy led to decreased E2 level by VD3 and increased level by Omega-3FA supplementation. With regard to 25OHD, its level was increased by VD3 and decreased by Omega-3FA supplementation. Combination of VD3 plus Omega-3FA increased the levels of both E2 and 25OHD.
Keywords : cancer; omega-3 fatty acids; premenopausal females; serum levels of estradiol; vitamin D deficiency; vitamin D3.
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The combination of omega-3 fatty acids with high doses of vitamin D3 elevate A1c levels: A randomized Clinical Trial in people with vitamin D deficiency
Authors : Abeer Barham 1, Beisan Mohammad 2, Luai Hasoun 1, Shady Awwad 3, Ibrahim Mosleh 4, Ahmad Aljaberi 5, Mahmoud Abu-Samak
Abstract : Purpose: This randomised clinical trial (RCT) was created to assess the influence of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (VD3 ), omega-3 fatty acids (n-3FA) and their combination (D+) on glycated haemoglobin (A1c) levels in Jordanian peoples with vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Participants and methods: This RCT was designed to examine the follow-up (2 months) effect of either 50 000 IU VD3 , 300 mg n-3FA, or the combination of the two supplements on glycated Haemoglobin (A1c) levels in 146 Jordanian women and men with VDD, aged from 25 to 55 years. The eligible participants were randomised into four groups: Control (C); VD3 supplementation (50 000 IU of VD3 was taken weekly) (D3 ); n-3FA supplementation (300 mg of omega-3FA was taken daily) (n-3FA); VD3 and omega-3 supplementation group (D+) with the same protocol as the previous two groups. Results: The combination therapy (n-3FA plus VD3) for 8 weeks significantly increased A1c levels (5.79 ± 0.34 vs 5.41 ± 0.33, P < .001). Tukey test for post hoc comparisons of A1c at follow-up showed that the A1c mean levels were remarkably higher in the D+ study group comparing to the control group (5.78 vs 5.38). Conclusion: The intervention of n-3FA alone or in combination with high doses of VD3 may lead to negative effects on glycaemic control or accelerate the insulin resistance's development in susceptible people for diabetes mellitus (type 2).
Keywords : Vitamin D, VDD. Omega-3. A1c, diabetes
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A Cross-Sectional Study on the Combined Effect of Body Weight and Coffee Consumption on Serum Levels of Leptin, Vitamin B12, and Folic Acid in Healthy Young Adult Males
Authors : Luai Z Hasoun 1, Heba A Khader 2, May Ibrahim Abu-Taha 1, Beisan A Mohammad 3, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak 1
Abstract : Purpose: Studies on the effect of body weight and coffee consumption on leptin, vitamin B12, and folic acid are scarce and conflicting. This study investigates the effect of body weight and/or coffee consumption rate on the serum levels of these molecules in healthy young adult males. Patients and methods: This observational cross-sectional study was carried out at the faculty of pharmacy, Applied Science Private University (ASU), Amman, Jordan, from July to September 2020. Young healthy males were invited to participate in the study and fill a questionnaire regarding lifestyle habits including coffee consumption during the last 3 months, medical history, and anthropometric measurements. Depending on BMI and extent of coffee consumption, participants were divided into 4 groups; normal body weight and moderate coffee consumption (NW/MCC) group; normal body weight and heavy coffee consumption (NW/HCC) group; overweight and moderate coffee consumption (OW/MCC) group; overweight and heavy coffee consumption (OW/HCC) group. Serum samples were taken to measure leptin, vitamin B12, and folic acid levels in addition to morning and midnight salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) samples. Results: Healthy males (n = 122) aged 18 to 26 years continued participation in this study. Serum levels of leptin in NW/MCC, NW/HCC, OW/MCC, OW/HCC groups were 5.93, 5.75, 14.86, 16.79 ng/mL, respectively. Serum levels of vitamin B12 in these groups were 356.09, 402.71, 334.25, 331.05 pg/mL, respectively. While, the serum levels of folic acid were 8.92, 10.27, 10.12, 10.47 ng/mL, respectively. Body weight was positively associated with leptin (p = 0.00), negatively associated with vitamin B12 (p = 0.047), and not associated with folic acid (p = 0.235). Coffee consumption rate had no significant effect on leptin, vitamin B12, or folic acid. Finally, the combination of body weight and coffee consumption had no significant effect on leptin, vitamin B12, or folic acid. Conclusion: There was no possible synergistic effect between body weight and coffee consumption rate on leptin, vitamin B12, or folic acid levels. However, overweight was associated with higher leptin, lower vitamin B12, and no change in folic acid levels.
Keywords : BMI; body weight; coffee consumption; folic acid; homocysteine; leptin; obesity; overweight; vitamin B12.
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Correlation of selected stress associated factors with vitamin D deficiency in Jordanian men and women
Authors : Mahmoud S Abu-Samak 1, Mohannad Eid AbuRuz 2, Rami Masa'Deh 2, Rula Khuzai 2, Samiha Jarrah 2
Abstract : Background: To identify stress associated factors for vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in healthy Jordanian people based on serum 25(OH)D levels. Design: Prospective cohort study. Methods: Three hundred and seventy-one Jordanian men and women aged 17-52 years, who were identified as VD deficient 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL, were eligible to participate in the study. Serum vitamin 25(OH) D was measured using chemiluminescent immunoassay. Cortisol, parathyroid hormone, calcium, phosphate, fasting lipid profile, and blood glucose were also analyzed. Questionnaires were used to collect lifestyles parameters. Anthropometric parameters including: body mass index (BMI), waist (W) and hip (H) circumferences, W/H ratio (WHR) were also calculated. Results: The vast majority (91%) of the participants had vitamin D deficiency (25- (OH) D <30 ng/mL). Positive correlations were observed between vitamin D deficiency and the following anthropometric parameters in all study sample; gender (P=0.010), height (P=0.22), height/hip ratio (P=0.015) and waist/hip ratio (P=0.013). Lifestyle parameters that indicated very weak positive correlations with VDD were number of family members (P=0.011) and insufficient exposure to sunlight (P=0.023). The following clinical parameters showed weak or very weak correlations with VDD; serum cortisol (r=0.318), low density lipoprotein (r=0.246) and total cholesterol (r=0.133). Skin color and water pipe tobacco smoking were added to the multivariable stepwise regression analyses as they have been weakly correlated with VDD. These predictors together explained only 12.2% of the variance in serum cortisol levels in the VDD study sample. Conclusion: A weak positive association between VDD and elevated serum cortisol was observed in this study. Subcutaneous changes may be involved in that association but further studies are needed to clarify a potential role for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
Keywords : Vitamin D deficiency; cortisol; obesity; smoking; stress.
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Associations Between Sleep Deprivation and Salivary Testosterone Levels in Male University Students: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors : Mahmoud Suleiman Abu-Samak 1, Beisan Ali Mohammad 1, May Ibrahim Abu-Taha 1, Luai Zidan Hasoun 1, Shady Helmi Awwad 2
Abstract : Sleep deprivation is a common health problem that is growing rapidly worldwide and it is associated with short- and long-term impacts on health. The aim of this study was to detect potential predictors of salivary testosterone (sT) association with sleep deprivation in Arab male university students. In this prospective cohort study, 77 university male students in the age range of 18 to 26 years were divided into two groups, sleep-deprived (SD) participants and non-sleep-deprived (NSD) participants. Sleep deprivation was defined as sleeping less than 5 hr per night. Blood samples and sT were collected from fasting participants to measure serum levels of glucose, lipid profile, leptin, serotonin, sT, and body mass index (BMI) values. The multiple linear correlation model of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), BMI, and serotonin was positively correlated with sT ( r = .977, p < .05) in the SD group. No correlations were identified with sT in the NSD group. In the SD study group, the multiple linear regression model of HDL-C, BMI, and serotonin was significantly influenced by sT ( R² = .955, p < .05). These predictors together explained approximately 96% of the variance in sT levels in the SD study group. No predictive variables for sT were reported in the NSD group. Results indirectly confirmed the presence of a positive association between sT and sleep deprivation in young men. This association is mediated by three factors, HDL-C, BMI, and serum serotonin, which are collectively considered as part of a significant physiological adaptation to sleep deprivation in young men.
Keywords : BMI; leptin; lipid; salivary testosterone; serotonin; sleep deprivation.
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Evaluation of selected biochemical parameters in the saliva of young males using mobile phones
Authors : Khalid M Abu Khadra 1, Ahmad M Khalil, Mahmoud Abu Samak, Ahmad Aljaberi
Abstract : The biochemical status in the saliva of 12 males before/after using mobile phone has been evaluated. Radio frequency signals of 1800 MHz (continuous wave transmission, 217 Hz modulate and Global System for Mobile Communications [GSM - non-DTX]) with 1.09 w/kg specific absorption rate (SAR) value were used for 15 and 30 min. Cell phone radiation induced a significant increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD); there was a statistically significant effect of talking time on the levels of SOD, F(2, 33) = 8.084, p < 0.05, ω = 0.53. The trend analysis suggests a significant quadratic trend, F(1, 33) = 4.891, p < 0.05; indicating that after 15 min of talking the levels of SOD increased, but as talking time increased the SOD activity started to drop. In contrast to this, there was no statistically significant effect of talking time on the level of salivary albumin, cytochrome c, catalase or uric acid. Results suggest that exposure to electromagnetic radiation may exert an oxidative stress on human cells as evidenced by the increase in the concentration of the superoxide radical anion released in the saliva of cell phone users.
Keywords : Human saliva; mobile phone; oxidative stress; radio frequency radiation; superoxide dismutase.
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Combined Effect Of Coffee Consumption And Cigarette Smoking On Serum Levels Of Vitamin B12, Folic Acid, And Lipid Profile In Young Male: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors : May Abu-Taha 1, Rajaa Dagash 1, Beisan A Mohammad 2, Iman Basheiti 1, Mahmoud S Abu-Samak 1
Abstract : Objective: To investigate the associations of coffee consumption and/or smoking on certain clinical outcomes including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), vitamin B12, and folic acid in a population of young healthy men. Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Amman, Jordan, over 4 months. Participants were approached for study participation and asked to fill a questionnaire about their anthropometric information, habitual smoking, and coffee consumption during the last 3 months. Their fasting blood samples were taken to measure TC and LDL-C. Results: Healthy male participants (n=117) in the age range of 18 to 26 years were recruited. Mean serum TC was higher in heavy coffee consumers (C++) group (≥3 cups/day) with or without smoking (M= 179.9±34.59 mg/dL and 195.94±23.69 mg/dL) in comparison with moderate coffee consumers (C+) group (1-2 cups/day) (M= 158.1±24.82 mg/dL and 177.23±34.17 mg/dL), and the mean level was higher in subjects who were coffee consumers only than smokers who were coffee consumers. LDL-C levels were higher in participants who were coffee consumers (M= 103.06±34.82mg/dL and 118.06±19.31 mg/dL) than smokers who were coffee consumers (M= 88.6±22.40 mg/dL and 108.26±37.57 mg/dL). No significant difference was noted regarding HDL-C, vitamin B12, and folic acid. Conclusion: Our findings showed that heavy coffee consumption was more associated with hyperlipidemia than cigarette smoking. Accordingly, we conclude that moderate coffee consumption may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases or their consequences in male.
Keywords : CVD; cholesterol; cigarette smoking; coffee; lipid profile
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Corrigendum to "Effects of Lipoic Acid Supplementation on Activities of Cyclooxygenases and Levels of Prostaglandins E 2 and F 2α Metabolites, in the Offspring of Rats with Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes"
Authors : Hisham Y Al-Matubsi 1, Ghaleb A Oriquat 2, Mahmoud Abu-Samak 3, Othman A Al Hanbali 4, Maher D Salim 5
Abstract : Background. Our aim was to evaluate the protective effect of lipoic acid (LA) on fetal outcome of diabetic mothers. Methods. Diabetes was induced in female rats using streptozotocin and rats were made pregnant. Pregnant control (group 1; n = 9; and group 2; n = 7) or pregnant diabetic (group 3; n = 10; and group 4; n = 8) rats were treated daily with either LA (groups 2 and 4) or vehicle (groups 1 and 3) between gestational days 0 and 15. On day 15 of gestation, the fetuses, placentas, and membranes were dissected, examined morphologically, and then homogenized, to measure cyclooxygenase (COX) activities and metabolisms of prostaglandin (PG) E2 (PGEM) and PGF2α (PGFM) levels. The level of total glutathione was measured in the maternal liver and plasma and in all fetuses. Results. Supplementation of diabetic rats with LA was found to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce resorption rates in diabetic rats and led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in liver, plasma, and fetuses total glutathione from LA-TD rats as compared to those from V-TD. Decreased levels of PGEM and elevated levels of PGFM in the fetuses, placentas, and membranes were characteristic of experimental diabetic gestation associated with malformation. The levels of PGEM in malformed fetuses from LA-TD mothers was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in malformed fetuses from V-TD rats. Conclusions. LA treatment did not completely prevent the occurrence of malformations. Thus, other factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of the diabetes-induced congenital malformations.
Keywords : Lipoic acid , diabetes, rats , PGs, E2 PGF2
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Lipid and hematological parameters in hyperleptinemic healthy Arab male youth in Jordan
Authors : Mahmoud Abu-Samak 1, Al-Motassem Yousef, Ahmad Al-Jarie, Hisham Y Al-Matubsi, Ahmed Abu-Zaiton, Mamoun Al-Quraan, Rula Khuzaie
Abstract : To analyze the influence ofhyperleptinemia on fasting lipid and hematological parameters in healthy Arab male youth in Jordan, this cross-sectional study was carried out in April 2009 on a sample of 120 students aged 18-24 years. Subjects were stratified by fasting leptin into two groups (control, <12.7 ng mL(-1) vs. hyperleptenimic, e_< 12.7 ng mL(-1)) and BMI (normal weight, < 25 kgm(-2) vs. overweight/obese, BMI e_< 25 kg m(-2)). Fasting serum leptin, blood glucose, lipid profile and hematological parameters values were determined by standard kit methods. Mean serum leptin concentrations were more than five times as high in hyperleptenemic subjects than in control subjects (p < 0.001). Compared with control group, significant elevations (p < 0.01) were observed in the means total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels of hyperleptenemic group whereas no significant differences was detected in HDL-cholesterol. Except the changes of WBC count, MCH and slightly MCHC, there were no differences between both groups in any other term of hematological parameters. In conclusion, changes in lipid variables and some hematological parameters may increase plasma viscosity as a step during atherosclerosis pathogenesis in male youth at risk for dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases. Thus, hyperleptinemia could be a useful index in identifying healthy youth male subjects but this hypothesis needs further investigation.
Keywords : Lipid, leptin, cbc. Human, Jordanian
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A Comparative Evaluation of Microwave and Conventional Soxhlet Extraction Methods for the Antioxidant, Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Potentials of Jordanian Psidium guajava Raw Fruit Peel Extracts
Authors : R. Issa , S. Khater and M. Abu- Samak
Abstract : Background: Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae) is one of the medicinal plants in Jordan that have been reported in the folk medicine for different indications and few of them have been experimentally and/or clinically determined. Objective: The current study aims to explores the aqueous extracts obtained from Jordanian premature P. guajava fruit peel (PGFP), using two different methods for extraction. Also to assess these extracts different pharmacological activities as well as their phytochemistry. Materials and Methods: Two different methods for extraction were used, Microwave-Integrated Soxhlet (MIS) and Conventional Soxhlet (CS) extraction methods. The TLC analysis was used to optimize each extraction method and for the preliminary phytochemical screening. The HPLC-MS/MS analysis allowed the identification and quantification of the phenol compounds in the PGFP two extracts. For each extract type, the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the ABTS method. In addition, the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic potentials for each extract were also evaluated on normoglycemic and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to reveal significant (p<0.05) differences between the tested animal groups. Results: The CS extract showed ellagic acid as the major constituent, followed by gallic, P-coumaric, furelic acids, quercetin and ascorbic acid in order of their percentage content (total phenol content). Regarding the MIS extract, ascorbic acid was detected as the major compound followed by gallic, P-coumaric acids and quercetin. Moreover, MIS extract showed to contain higher level of total phenol compounds. Comparison of pharmacological studies showed more potent effects of CS as antioxidant and hypolipidemic extract, where the MIS extract showed higher hypoglycemic effect. Conclusion: The presented data suggest that PGFP can be used for their antioxidant, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects, if the extraction methods were optimized for the required pharmacological effect. In this study, it was correlated that, significant hypolipidemic effect of unripe guava to high content of ellagic acid in its fruit peels and antioxidant action of the active extract. This effect for ellagic acid seems to be mediated by metabolic pathway by which it acts as antilypolytic agent to reduce the consequences of diabetes mellitus, such as atherosclerosis rather than antidiabetic effect.
Keywords : Psidium guajava L, diabetes , lipidemic , Phyto, extract
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Morning Salivary Cortisol Associates with Elevated Serum Leptin Levels in Jordanian Young Men with Olive Pollen Induced Allergic Rhinitis
Authors : Mahmoud Abu-Samak1 , Ahmad Abu-Zaiton2 , Ahmad Al-Jaberi3 , Ahmad Sundookah4 , Omar Atrooz5 , Khalid M. Abu khadra6 , Rula Kuzaie4 and Wamidh H. Talib1*
Abstract : Aims: Recent studies have shown independently inter-correlations between allergy, obesity, leptin hormone, and stress markers. However, these findings were unclear and contradictory. Thus the aim of the present study is to evaluate diurnal levels of salivary cortisol and DHEA in sample of Jordanian young men with history of olive pollen-induced Original Research Article British Journal of Medicine & Medical Research, 4(3): 797-806, 2014 798 allergic rhinitis in relation to serum levels of leptin. Methodology: 130 university male students aged (21.98±1.78) years, were divided into two groups (59 allergic and 71 non allergic). Fasting blood samples were collected and tested for blood glucose, lipid profile, serum leptin, and salivary stress hormones (cortisol and DHEA). Results: Allergic subjects showed significantly higher means of serum leptin (p
Keywords : Allergy; stress; obesity; salivary cortisol; DHEA; leptin; lipid; Jordanian
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Antioxidant Profile of Saliva among Young Men Using Mobile Phones
Authors : Khalid Abu Khadra.Ahmad Mohammad Khalilm Mahmoud Abu-Samak, Ahmad Aljaberi
Abstract : Oxidative stress has been implicated as a mechanism of potential health effects that may result from exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR). A cross sectional study was designed to investigate and analyze the biochemical effects of RF-EMR emitted from mobile phones at 835 MHz and 1900 MHz bands on some biochemical markers: Superoxide dismutase (SOD), albumin, amylase, uric acid and cytochrome C in the saliva of young men (18-37 years; average age 27.74 ± 8.08). EMF caused a significant increase in the activity of SOD but a significant decrease in that of amylase in the saliva of people after using mobile phones. The increases in the activity of cytochrome C and the concentrations of albumin and uric acid were not significant. A true correlation between the salivary antioxidant biomarkers and the number of calling min., rather than the number of calls, was found. These oxidative changes may result in metabolic changes in the living cells up to oncogenic transformation. Thus, based on these findings, it is recommended that a long-term/or excessive use of mobile phones, especially by young individuals, should be avoided. This goal can be accomplished by telehealth technology promotion activities targeting the more sensitive ages, children and adolescents, since their developing brains absorb more EMR from a mobile phone. Such activities include: group discussions, public presentations and mass communication through available electronic and print media sources.
Keywords : Human saliva; mobile phone; oxidative stress; SOD .
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Segmental body composition analysis by bioimpedance (BI) as obesity determination tool
Authors : Ahmad Sundookah1*, Yazeed Abu-Hanak2, Mahmoud Abu-Samak1, Saqer M. Herzallah1,
Abstract : Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between seg¬mental body composition, obe¬sity measures and body mass index (BMI) using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Methods: 48 adult individuals (30 females and 18 males) at Applied Science Private University (ASU) Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics were participated in body composition analysis on 12 January 2020, and InBody 370S device was used to perform the analysis. Results: The results of BIA analysis, lean body mass and body muscle mass were found to be statistically significantly higher in obese female adults compared with obese boys. However, lean mass of the left arm, left leg muscle mass and basal metabolic rate were found to be statistically significantly( P< 0.05) lower in defined obese female compared none obese individuals. Conclusion: The results proof that both lean and fat segmental analysis are highly correlated values, and the level of obesity and segmental analysis for female and male adults can be considered in Obesity and disease preventions
Keywords : BIA, Obesity, Segmental analysis, Body composition, BMI.
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Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Diabetic Rats Treated with Combined Extracts of Artemisia herba-alba and Anabasis syriaca
Authors : Ahmed Abu-Zaiton , Sohail Alsohaili , Abdulrahim Aljamal, Ayah Algaramseh, Maha Habash, Yousef Abu-Zaitoon and Mahmoud Abu-Samak
Abstract : Background and Objective: Diabetes is a global health problem that affects various organs such as the liver, heart and kidney. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) who are unsatisfied with conventional therapy are more likely to utilize herbal medicine to improve the effectiveness of the conventional medication. Some herbal extracts such as Artemisia herba alba and Anabasis syriaca are more likely to prevent DM’s consequences. Therefore, the present research was designed to examine the impact of a combined extract of Artemisia herba alba and Anabasis syriaca on blood glucose (BG) levels and lipid profile as well as kidney and liver functions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: Artemisia herba alba and Anabasis syriaca leaves separately were collected and air-dried for 4 weeks at room temperature (23-27°C). A stock solution was prepared of 100 mg of dry ethanol extracts and dissolved in 10 mL ethanol. The 36 Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned into six groups (N = 6): Control group, Streptozotocin, (STZ-diabetic group), Artemisia herba alba with STZ (extract1 group), Anabasis syriaca with STZ (extract 2 groups), extract 1 and extract 2 (group) and metformin group. The experiment was applied for 28 days. Results: Significant blood glucose levels reduction was observed when administrated with combined extracts (161.03±19.6 mg dL–1, p<0.05) compared with the STZ group with a mean value of 460.9±121.9 mg dL–1. Significantly increased the level of HDL (67.06±38.8 mg dL–1) compared with the diabetic group (34.33±1.07 mg dL–1) when administrated E1 extract in diabetic rats combined extract decreased serum triglycerides level. Various plants extracts have not shown asignificant effect onother studyparameters cholesterol, LDL, AST and kidney function tests. Conclusion: The present study showed that the combined effect of Artemisia herba alba and Anabasis syriaca extracts has shown a potential antidiabetic and hypolipidemic impact in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Keywords : Diabetic Rats , Artemisia herba-alba, Anabasis syriaca, ;lipid profile, urea . kidney function
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